{"sources":[{"id":"lbn-2007","name":"Washington State Legislature fiscal committees and LEAP","url":"https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2007LBN.pdf","retrievedAt":"2026-10-09","role":"Legislative Budget Notes 2007: final 2005-07 NGF-S and all-funds totals (2005-07 Budget vs. 2007-09 Budget, Total State, including appropriations in other legislation; NGF-S Summary Report p. 13).","licenseName":"Washington State government publication","redistribution":"Public document; linked, not redistributed.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261009154921/https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2007LBN.pdf","archivedAt":"2026-10-09T15:49:21+00:00","contentDigest":"sha256:c031a242afe0aff1b8e5ac2a0c06ac3188f587eefe659866e8f5a640127af5b6"},{"id":"lbn-2009","name":"Washington State Legislature fiscal committees and LEAP","url":"https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2009LBN.pdf","retrievedAt":"2026-10-09","role":"Legislative Budget Notes 2009: final 2007-09 and enacted 2009-11 totals.","licenseName":"Washington State government publication","redistribution":"Public document; linked, not redistributed.","contentDigest":"sha256:c5e5176bc6d8d8207dd0ac4439241fd3e68cc318685584f3d2c7d302b7254c48","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261009155527/https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2009LBN.pdf","archivedAt":"2026-10-09T15:55:27+00:00"},{"id":"lbn-2011","name":"Washington State Legislature fiscal committees and LEAP","url":"https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2011LBN.pdf","retrievedAt":"2026-10-09","role":"Legislative Budget Notes 2011: final 2009-11 and enacted 2011-13 totals.","licenseName":"Washington State government publication","redistribution":"Public document; linked, not redistributed.","contentDigest":"sha256:0412d8c491e8d2214e85033db99b28776c1ec80743533930322e25f96548c53b","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261009155533/https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2011LBN.pdf","archivedAt":"2026-10-09T15:55:33+00:00"},{"id":"lbn-2013","name":"Washington State Legislature fiscal committees and LEAP","url":"https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2013LBN.pdf","retrievedAt":"2026-10-09","role":"Legislative Budget Notes 2013: final 2011-13 and enacted 2013-15 totals.","licenseName":"Washington State government publication","redistribution":"Public document; linked, not redistributed.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261009155225/https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2013LBN.pdf","archivedAt":"2026-10-09T15:52:25+00:00","contentDigest":"sha256:15a041b18f5ccc3db452e787bec4de85c30f889da88f028c208246feab27f4ae"},{"id":"lbn-2015","name":"Washington State Legislature fiscal committees and LEAP","url":"https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2015LBN.pdf","retrievedAt":"2026-10-09","role":"Legislative Budget Notes 2015: final 2013-15 totals and functional areas (2013-15 Budget vs. 2015-17 Budget, Total State, p. O-23), enacted 2015-17.","licenseName":"Washington State government publication","redistribution":"Public document; linked, not redistributed.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261009154928/https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2015LBN.pdf","archivedAt":"2026-10-09T15:49:28+00:00","contentDigest":"sha256:eb33bd08084d92b6f7d38512fded9154b3237faaef32d59bd9a9d16f3e72a7eb"},{"id":"lbn-2017","name":"Washington State Legislature fiscal committees and LEAP","url":"https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2017LBN.pdf","retrievedAt":"2026-10-09","role":"Legislative Budget Notes 2017: final 2015-17 and enacted 2017-19 totals; EHB 2242 property-tax and levy reform.","licenseName":"Washington State government publication","redistribution":"Public document; linked, not redistributed.","contentDigest":"sha256:3e8b96b62bee66cd5266293b3b548d7af902e7ef0b9fa050b15709fe399ce384","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261009160841/https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2017LBN.pdf","archivedAt":"2026-10-09T16:08:41+00:00"},{"id":"lbn-2019","name":"Washington State Legislature fiscal committees and LEAP","url":"https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2019LBN.pdf","retrievedAt":"2026-10-09","role":"Legislative Budget Notes 2019: final 2017-19 and enacted 2019-21 totals; creation of the Workforce Education Investment Account (E2SHB 2158).","licenseName":"Washington State government publication","redistribution":"Public document; linked, not redistributed.","contentDigest":"sha256:ba870caa6b88862fe19e43894f5630ba35df13d3c6c58562a465118ed0090da5"},{"id":"lbn-2021","name":"Washington State Legislature fiscal committees and LEAP","url":"https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2021LBN.pdf","retrievedAt":"2026-10-09","role":"Legislative Budget Notes 2021: final 2019-21 and enacted 2021-23 totals.","licenseName":"Washington State government publication","redistribution":"Public document; linked, not redistributed.","contentDigest":"sha256:bfe077548d5d74c74df2c6614f6538d48e67892902bbdd5e6a32251135473e37","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261009160854/https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2021LBN.pdf","archivedAt":"2026-10-09T16:08:54+00:00"},{"id":"lbn-2023","name":"Washington State Legislature fiscal committees and LEAP","url":"https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2023LBN.pdf","retrievedAt":"2026-10-09","role":"Legislative Budget Notes 2023: final 2021-23 and enacted 2023-25 totals.","licenseName":"Washington State government publication","redistribution":"Public document; linked, not redistributed.","contentDigest":"sha256:56d3c0c4b0e6855263ffa3d53d3e729a130914b3fff4890cc1a7797940249fda","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261009155621/https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2023LBN.pdf","archivedAt":"2026-10-09T15:56:21+00:00"},{"id":"lbn-2025","name":"Washington State Legislature fiscal committees and LEAP","url":"https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2025LBN.pdf","retrievedAt":"2026-10-09","role":"Legislative Budget Notes 2025: final 2023-25 totals and functional areas (2023-25 Budget vs. 2025-27 Budget, Functional Area Totals, p. O-16), enacted 2025-27.","licenseName":"Washington State government publication","redistribution":"Public document; linked, not redistributed.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261009154934/https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2025LBN.pdf","archivedAt":"2026-10-09T15:49:34+00:00","contentDigest":"sha256:7d21d67e8364ee28dc7ba806b8d9145d632d6bdec98f0784307863aec91bb58e"},{"id":"lbn-2026","name":"Washington State Legislature fiscal committees and LEAP","url":"https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2026LBN.pdf","retrievedAt":"2026-10-09","role":"Legislative Budget Notes 2026: 2025-27 appropriations after the 2026 supplemental ($80,203,984K NGF-O; $157,299,314K total budgeted).","licenseName":"Washington State government publication","redistribution":"Public document; linked, not redistributed.","contentDigest":"sha256:0352b80f21d66fa8226a425a577cfc476c82691a2b45e13c037d999d1122434d","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261009160907/https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2026LBN.pdf","archivedAt":"2026-10-09T16:09:07+00:00"},{"id":"ofm-pop","name":"Washington State Office of Financial Management","url":"https://ofm.wa.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/default/files/public/dataresearch/pop/april1/ofm_april1_poptrends.pdf","retrievedAt":"2026-10-09","role":"April 1 population estimates, Table 1 (Population Trends, October 2026 edition).","licenseName":"Washington State government publication","redistribution":"Public document; linked, not redistributed.","contentDigest":"sha256:2d998c40e5f5a3f03dea5bdbc4efc8ef917d1469f9ef8b417cc04fe421fcf7e6","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261009161805/https://ofm.wa.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/default/files/public/dataresearch/pop/april1/ofm_april1_poptrends.pdf","archivedAt":"2026-10-09T16:18:05+00:00"},{"id":"bls-cpi-us","name":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics","url":"https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/CUUR0000SA0","retrievedAt":"2026-10-09","role":"CPI-U, U.S. city average, all items, annual averages (series CUUR0000SA0).","licenseName":"U.S. government work (public domain)","redistribution":"Public domain.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261009155131/https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/CUUR0000SA0","archivedAt":"2026-10-09T15:51:31+00:00"},{"id":"bls-cpi-sea","name":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics","url":"https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/CUURS49DSA0","retrievedAt":"2026-10-09","role":"CPI-U, Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, all items, annual averages (series CUURS49DSA0).","licenseName":"U.S. government work (public domain)","redistribution":"Public domain.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261009155216/https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/CUURS49DSA0","archivedAt":"2026-10-09T15:52:16+00:00"},{"id":"bea-sainc1","name":"U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis","url":"https://apps.bea.gov/regional/zip/SAINC.zip","retrievedAt":"2026-10-09","role":"State annual personal income, SAINC1 line 1, Washington (GeoFIPS 53000), $ millions.","licenseName":"U.S. government work (public domain)","redistribution":"Public domain.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261009155105/https://apps.bea.gov/regional/zip/SAINC.zip","archivedAt":"2026-10-09T15:51:05+00:00","contentDigest":"sha256:cb28a9a200c71b48e283c4e4e6ef1b18524cb6c1edc31d7b768862c766ff770f"},{"id":"lbn-2014","name":"Washington State Legislature fiscal committees and LEAP","url":"https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2014LBN.pdf","retrievedAt":"2026-10-09","role":"Legislative Budget Notes 2014: 2014 supplemental; February 2014 revenue forecast for 2013-15 by source (property tax $3,949.1M, p. O-18).","licenseName":"Washington State government publication","redistribution":"Public document; linked, not redistributed.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261010053746/https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2014LBN.pdf","archivedAt":"2026-10-10T05:37:46+00:00","contentDigest":"sha256:f22c9bb9f268567bb00ff3f07ea1e3da71ff9fa00b5e081a08e07c7d84a7bc94"},{"id":"lbn-2016","name":"Washington State Legislature fiscal committees and LEAP","url":"https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2016LBN.pdf","retrievedAt":"2026-10-09","role":"Legislative Budget Notes 2016: 2016 supplemental maintenance-level and policy totals (p. O-11).","licenseName":"Washington State government publication","redistribution":"Public document; linked, not redistributed.","contentDigest":"sha256:8e06a9cf7068a77a9e13caf5c473c265044ff34660b295192201e21df97d18b0"},{"id":"lbn-2018","name":"Washington State Legislature fiscal committees and LEAP","url":"https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2018LBN.pdf","retrievedAt":"2026-10-09","role":"Legislative Budget Notes 2018: 2018 supplemental maintenance-level and policy totals (p. O-11); ESSB 6614 one-year state levy cut.","licenseName":"Washington State government publication","redistribution":"Public document; linked, not redistributed.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261010054145/https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2018LBN.pdf","archivedAt":"2026-10-10T05:41:45+00:00","contentDigest":"sha256:10a40a71331e4743a9812aecc41982510196252b04707159138ce2735d495e25"},{"id":"lbn-2020","name":"Washington State Legislature fiscal committees and LEAP","url":"https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2020LBN.pdf","retrievedAt":"2026-10-09","role":"Legislative Budget Notes 2020: 2020 supplemental totals (p. O-12); ESB 6690 aerospace preferential-rate repeal.","licenseName":"Washington State government publication","redistribution":"Public document; linked, not redistributed.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261010054151/https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2020LBN.pdf","archivedAt":"2026-10-10T05:41:51+00:00","contentDigest":"sha256:15892b1dfc3d8e4203215d2bb811438a44b71aceaa4734f8968fdaf5271a5f04"},{"id":"lbn-2022","name":"Washington State Legislature fiscal committees and LEAP","url":"https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2022LBN.pdf","retrievedAt":"2026-10-09","role":"Legislative Budget Notes 2022: 2022 supplemental maintenance-level and policy totals (p. O-12).","licenseName":"Washington State government publication","redistribution":"Public document; linked, not redistributed.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261010054156/https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2022LBN.pdf","archivedAt":"2026-10-10T05:41:56+00:00","contentDigest":"sha256:aee20ecf766633346fcc47ad83188d4bf973f1cd91e8de390d7450d3eaf1c1b4"},{"id":"lbn-2024","name":"Washington State Legislature fiscal committees and LEAP","url":"https://fiscal.wa.gov/lbns/2024LBN.pdf","retrievedAt":"2026-10-09","role":"Legislative Budget Notes 2024: 2024 supplemental totals (p. O-1); February 2024 revenue forecast for 2023-25 by source (property tax $9,330M, p. O-8).","licenseName":"Washington State government publication","redistribution":"Public document; linked, not redistributed.","contentDigest":"sha256:ffd8402e5200f2529e5801bd9126d52eed48dd33d6401b9e178f4f929dc1eeae"},{"id":"erfc-sep-2026","name":"Washington State Economic and Revenue Forecast Council","url":"https://erfc.wa.gov/sites/default/files/2026-10/sep26pub.pdf","retrievedAt":"2026-10-10","role":"Washington Economic and Revenue Forecast, September 2026. Table 3.17 (printed p. 70): GF-S, ELTA, OPA and WEIA collections by fiscal year and biennium, cash basis, restated to the current GF-S definition.","licenseName":"Washington State government publication","redistribution":"Public document; linked, not redistributed.","contentDigest":"sha256:1bac395ecdc7e4fcf5e87f5087fbac6a54a425f583290d7b6f1179902d04d3c7","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261010052939/https://erfc.wa.gov/sites/default/files/2026-10/sep26pub.pdf","archivedAt":"2026-10-10T05:29:39+00:00"},{"id":"fred-sl-price","name":"U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis via Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (FRED)","url":"https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/fredgraph.csv?id=B829RG3A086NBEA","retrievedAt":"2026-10-10","role":"State and local government consumption expenditures and gross investment, chain-type price index, 2017=100, annual (BEA NIPA Table 3.9.4; FRED series B829RG3A086NBEA).","licenseName":"U.S. government work (public domain)","redistribution":"Public domain.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261010053015/https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/fredgraph.csv?id=B829RG3A086NBEA","archivedAt":"2026-10-10T05:30:15+00:00"},{"id":"nasbo-2026","name":"National Association of State Budget Officers","url":"https://higherlogicdownload.s3.amazonaws.com/NASBO/9d2d2db1-c943-4f1b-b750-0fca152d64c2/UploadedImages/Fiscal%20Survey/Spring_2026_Fiscal_Survey_Full_Report_S.pdf","retrievedAt":"2026-10-10","role":"The Fiscal Survey of States, Spring 2026. Table 1, Fiscal 2025 State General Fund, Actual (expenditures by state).","licenseName":"NASBO publication; free public download","redistribution":"Linked, not redistributed; figures quoted for comparison.","contentDigest":"sha256:622fb6085f9038270235903e2964b5cf3207d1574eeef73d4eb68549c576cbd1","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261010052945/https://higherlogicdownload.s3.amazonaws.com/NASBO/9d2d2db1-c943-4f1b-b750-0fca152d64c2/UploadedImages/Fiscal%20Survey/Spring_2026_Fiscal_Survey_Full_Report_S.pdf","archivedAt":"2026-10-10T05:29:45+00:00"},{"id":"nasbo-2020","name":"National Association of State Budget Officers","url":"https://higherlogicdownload.s3.amazonaws.com/NASBO/9d2d2db1-c943-4f1b-b750-0fca152d64c2/UploadedImages/Fiscal%20Survey/NASBO_Spring_2020_Fiscal_Survey_of_States_S.pdf","retrievedAt":"2026-10-10","role":"The Fiscal Survey of States, Spring 2020. Table 3, Fiscal 2019 State General Fund, Actual.","licenseName":"NASBO publication; free public download","redistribution":"Linked, not redistributed; figures quoted for comparison.","contentDigest":"sha256:06ee00e8a2043876e0ee83653f6a6205e956050dc40a42e20dca6df45503c3ef","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261010052951/https://higherlogicdownload.s3.amazonaws.com/NASBO/9d2d2db1-c943-4f1b-b750-0fca152d64c2/UploadedImages/Fiscal%20Survey/NASBO_Spring_2020_Fiscal_Survey_of_States_S.pdf","archivedAt":"2026-10-10T05:29:51+00:00"},{"id":"nasbo-2015","name":"National Association of State Budget Officers (via IssueLab)","url":"https://search.issuelab.org/resources/23064/23064.pdf","retrievedAt":"2026-10-10","role":"The Fiscal Survey of States, Spring 2015. Table 3, Fiscal 2014 State General Fund, Actual (p. 4).","licenseName":"NASBO publication; free public download","redistribution":"Linked, not redistributed; figures quoted for comparison.","contentDigest":"sha256:a378d253bc20e26f151dc3dc3af669f04f7a9862a6c5200c137d8bee126ba5ad","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240910205436/https://search.issuelab.org/resources/23064/23064.pdf","archivedAt":"2024-09-10T20:54:36+00:00"},{"id":"ospi-frs-2425","name":"Washington Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction","url":"https://ospi.k12.wa.us/sites/default/files/2025-12/24-25_f-196_section_1_for_posting.pdf","retrievedAt":"2026-10-10","role":"School District Financial Reporting Summary 2024-25, Section One: Table Three per-pupil revenue by source (2023-24 check values) and Table Eleven local levies by calendar year.","licenseName":"Washington State government publication","redistribution":"Public document; linked, not redistributed.","contentDigest":"sha256:8ebf4152eb917cc5ca84dbc0ea36caab2e8e2e01dd23bde0ec537f1889671f1c","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261010053021/https://ospi.k12.wa.us/sites/default/files/2025-12/24-25_f-196_section_1_for_posting.pdf","archivedAt":"2026-10-10T05:30:21+00:00"},{"id":"ospi-f196-10yr","name":"Washington Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction","url":"https://ospi.k12.wa.us/sites/default/files/2025-12/10_year_f-196_data_2024-25.xlsx","retrievedAt":"2026-10-10","role":"10-year F-196 historical data 2024-25 (Excel): sheets \"REV by Source\" (General Fund revenue by source, 2014-15 to 2024-25) and \"Enrollment\" (annual average FTE).","licenseName":"Washington State government publication","redistribution":"Public document; linked, not redistributed.","contentDigest":"sha256:a4d5bd7796c6eb364e625c2ff46844c4539ceb224648d1f852cfadeb12900098","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261010053027/https://ospi.k12.wa.us/sites/default/files/2025-12/10_year_f-196_data_2024-25.xlsx","archivedAt":"2026-10-10T05:30:27+00:00"},{"id":"ospi-frs-1516","name":"Washington Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction","url":"https://ospi.k12.wa.us/sites/default/files/2023-08/1516section1full.pdf","retrievedAt":"2026-10-10","role":"School District Financial Reporting Summary 2015-16, Section One: Table Two enrollment and Table Three per-pupil revenue by source for 2013-14.","licenseName":"Washington State government publication","redistribution":"Public document; linked, not redistributed.","contentDigest":"sha256:a2f3d23f62a63e82f72198fcd0c1285b194fef50ef14f0c6c8f2ef23339d591a","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261010054222/https://ospi.k12.wa.us/sites/default/files/2023-08/1516section1full.pdf","archivedAt":"2026-10-10T05:42:22+00:00"},{"id":"dor-proptax-2024","name":"Washington State Department of Revenue","url":"https://www.dor.wa.gov/sites/default/files/2024-11/PropTx2024.pdf","retrievedAt":"2026-10-10","role":"Property Tax Statistics 2024: state school levy Part 1 and Part 2 amounts (PDF p. 40).","licenseName":"Washington State government publication","redistribution":"Public document; linked, not redistributed.","contentDigest":"sha256:ad4849be7aab1a32861346c47643ac0a1daab9618d2f8be245243d929cce3549","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261010054242/https://www.dor.wa.gov/sites/default/files/2024-11/PropTx2024.pdf","archivedAt":"2026-10-10T05:42:42+00:00"},{"id":"dor-capgains-2025","name":"Washington State Department of Revenue","url":"https://dor.wa.gov/about/news-releases/2025/tax-year-2024-initial-capital-gains-collections-exceed-5606-million","retrievedAt":"2026-10-10","role":"News release, June 5, 2025: capital gains collections for tax year 2024 ($560.6M initial) and tax year 2023 ($418.6M).","licenseName":"Washington State government publication","redistribution":"Public document; linked, not redistributed.","contentDigest":"sha256:6f5c577e9ccc59d8fc88667ee5f35c9aec040a899114159e0e785865e442cc3c","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260807233541/https://dor.wa.gov/about/news-releases/2025/tax-year-2024-initial-capital-gains-collections-exceed-5606-million","archivedAt":"2026-08-07T23:35:41+00:00"},{"id":"gildon-2026-06-09","name":"Washington State Senate Republican Caucus (Sen. Chris Gildon)","url":"https://chrisgildon.src.wastateleg.org/predicted-house-cards-budget-passed-majority-leads-deficit/","retrievedAt":"2026-10-10","role":"Primary source for statement gildon-doubled: press release \"As predicted, majority’s ‘house of cards’ budget leads to deficit\", June 9, 2026.","licenseName":"Washington State Legislature publication","redistribution":"Linked; quoted for attribution.","contentDigest":"sha256:fd0f868f897c4345fff5abd2a052849497d11856bc02f139e1936f5ee747fc4d","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261010053630/https://chrisgildon.src.wastateleg.org/predicted-house-cards-budget-passed-majority-leads-deficit/","archivedAt":"2026-10-10T05:36:30+00:00"},{"id":"npi-2026-05-18","name":"Northwest Progressive Institute (Andrew Villeneuve)","url":"https://www.nwprogressive.org/weblog/2026/05/washington-states-budget-has-been-shrinking-not-growing-despite-statements-to-the-contrary-by-former-elected-officials.html","retrievedAt":"2026-10-10","role":"Primary source for statement npi-budget-smaller: Cascadia Advocate post \"Washington State’s budget has been shrinking, not growing, despite statements to the contrary by former elected officials\", May 18, 2026 (updated June 4, 2026).","licenseName":"NPI publication; all rights reserved","redistribution":"Linked; short quotation for attribution.","contentDigest":"sha256:961cfabf2830cc65190d6fd5de739e0cceaf4d0c3408c59dd0d9dc8a2fca99c3","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260708110804/https://www.nwprogressive.org/weblog/2026/05/washington-states-budget-has-been-shrinking-not-growing-despite-statements-to-the-contrary-by-former-elected-officials.html","archivedAt":"2026-07-08T11:08:04+00:00"}],"tables":[{"id":"ngf-by-biennium","title":"Near General Fund appropriations by biennium","description":"Enacted and final operating-budget appropriations from the Near General Fund basket in use at the time, plus total budgeted (all) funds. \"Final\" is the prior-biennium column of the next odd-year LBN Budget vs. Budget table, which includes supplemental budgets and appropriations in other legislation.","artifactId":"ngf-by-biennium","unitOfObservation":"State fiscal biennium (July 1 of odd year to June 30 two years later)","fields":[{"name":"biennium","type":"string","description":"Biennium label, e.g. 2013-15.","units":null,"nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["lbn-2007","lbn-2009","lbn-2011","lbn-2013","lbn-2015","lbn-2017","lbn-2019","lbn-2021","lbn-2023","lbn-2025","lbn-2026"]},{"name":"midYear","type":"integer","description":"Calendar year in the middle of the biennium (the even year), used to align benchmarks.","units":"year","nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":"First fiscal year + 1.","sourceIds":[]},{"name":"enactedNgf","type":"integer","description":"NGF appropriations as enacted in the biennium's first session (current-biennium column of that odd-year LBN).","units":"$ thousands, nominal","nullable":true,"valueType":"observed","derivation":"Null for 2005-07: the 2005 LBN reports General Fund-State only ($25,952,414K), which is not comparable with later NGF baskets.","sourceIds":["lbn-2007","lbn-2009","lbn-2011","lbn-2013","lbn-2015","lbn-2017","lbn-2019","lbn-2021","lbn-2023","lbn-2025","lbn-2026"]},{"name":"finalNgf","type":"integer","description":"NGF appropriations after all supplemental budgets (prior-biennium column of the next odd-year LBN). For 2025-27, the total after the 2026 supplemental; the biennium is still in progress.","units":"$ thousands, nominal","nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["lbn-2007","lbn-2009","lbn-2011","lbn-2013","lbn-2015","lbn-2017","lbn-2019","lbn-2021","lbn-2023","lbn-2025","lbn-2026"]},{"name":"finalAllFunds","type":"integer","description":"Total budgeted (all) funds, final, including federal and other funds.","units":"$ thousands, nominal","nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["lbn-2007","lbn-2009","lbn-2011","lbn-2013","lbn-2015","lbn-2017","lbn-2019","lbn-2021","lbn-2023","lbn-2025","lbn-2026"]},{"name":"basket","type":"string","description":"Which accounts the LBN counted as Near General Fund for this biennium.","units":null,"nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["lbn-2007","lbn-2009","lbn-2011","lbn-2013","lbn-2015","lbn-2017","lbn-2019","lbn-2021","lbn-2023","lbn-2025","lbn-2026"]},{"name":"finalSource","type":"string","description":"LBN edition supplying finalNgf and finalAllFunds.","units":null,"nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["lbn-2007","lbn-2009","lbn-2011","lbn-2013","lbn-2015","lbn-2017","lbn-2019","lbn-2021","lbn-2023","lbn-2025","lbn-2026"]},{"name":"status","type":"string","description":"\"final\" for completed biennia; \"in progress\" for 2025-27.","units":null,"nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":null,"sourceIds":[]}]},{"id":"benchmarks","title":"Population, inflation and personal income benchmarks","description":"Growth benchmarks aligned to each biennium's middle calendar year. 2025-27 is omitted because 2026 CPI and 2026-27 personal income are not yet available. slPriceIndex added in version 2.","artifactId":"benchmarks","unitOfObservation":"Biennium (pegged to middle calendar year)","fields":[{"name":"biennium","type":"string","description":"Biennium label.","units":null,"nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":[]},{"name":"midYear","type":"integer","description":"Middle calendar year.","units":"year","nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":null,"sourceIds":[]},{"name":"population","type":"integer","description":"OFM April 1 population estimate for midYear (Table 1, rounded to the nearest 10 as published in thousands with two decimals).","units":"persons","nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["ofm-pop"]},{"name":"cpiUs","type":"number","description":"CPI-U U.S. city average, annual average for midYear.","units":"index, 1982-84=100","nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["bls-cpi-us"]},{"name":"cpiSeattle","type":"number","description":"CPI-U Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, annual average for midYear.","units":"index, 1982-84=100","nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["bls-cpi-sea"]},{"name":"slPriceIndex","type":"number","description":"BEA price index for state and local government consumption expenditures and gross investment, annual average for midYear. Measures the cost of what governments buy (mostly compensation), as an alternative to consumer prices.","units":"index, 2017=100","nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["fred-sl-price"]},{"name":"personalIncomeBiennialMillions","type":"number","description":"Washington personal income over the two years the biennium spans.","units":"$ millions, nominal","nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":"0.5 x PI(midYear-1) + PI(midYear) + 0.5 x PI(midYear+1), using calendar-year BEA SAINC1 values, approximating the two fiscal years July (midYear-1) to June (midYear+1).","sourceIds":["bea-sainc1"]}]},{"id":"ngf-by-area","title":"Final NGF by functional area, 2013-15 and 2023-25","description":"LBN functional-area totals for the two comparison biennia. 2013-15 is NGF-P (NGF-S + Opportunity Pathways in the 2015 LBN); 2023-25 is NGF-O.","artifactId":"ngf-by-area","unitOfObservation":"LBN functional area","fields":[{"name":"area","type":"string","description":"LBN functional area name.","units":null,"nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["lbn-2015","lbn-2025"]},{"name":"ngf2013_15","type":"integer","description":"Final 2013-15 NGF appropriations.","units":"$ thousands, nominal","nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["lbn-2015"]},{"name":"ngf2023_25","type":"integer","description":"Final 2023-25 NGF-O appropriations.","units":"$ thousands, nominal","nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["lbn-2025"]},{"name":"changeThousands","type":"integer","description":"ngf2023_25 - ngf2013_15.","units":"$ thousands","nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":"Subtraction.","sourceIds":[]},{"name":"pctChange","type":"number","description":"Percent change, 2013-15 to 2023-25.","units":"percent","nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":"(ngf2023_25 / ngf2013_15 - 1) x 100, rounded to 0.1.","sourceIds":[]},{"name":"shareOfIncreasePct","type":"number","description":"This area's share of the total NGF increase ($38,843,790K).","units":"percent","nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":"changeThousands / total change x 100, rounded to 0.1.","sourceIds":[]}]},{"id":"growth-index","title":"Growth index, 2013-15 = 100","description":"Final NGF, population x US CPI-U, and personal income, each divided by its 2013-15 value and multiplied by 100.","artifactId":"growth-index","unitOfObservation":"Biennium x series","fields":[{"name":"biennium","type":"string","description":"Biennium label.","units":null,"nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":[]},{"name":"series","type":"string","description":"One of: NGF appropriations; Population x US inflation; WA personal income.","units":null,"nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":null,"sourceIds":[]},{"name":"index","type":"number","description":"Value relative to 2013-15 = 100, rounded to 0.1.","units":"index, 2013-15 = 100","nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":"value / value(2013-15) x 100.","sourceIds":["lbn-2007","lbn-2009","lbn-2011","lbn-2013","lbn-2015","lbn-2017","lbn-2019","lbn-2021","lbn-2023","lbn-2025","lbn-2026","ofm-pop","bls-cpi-us","bea-sainc1"]}]},{"id":"revenue-by-biennium","title":"NGF-O revenue by biennium","description":"Cash collections of the accounts that make up today's Near General Fund-Outlook, restated by ERFC to the current GF-S definition for every year. 2025-27 is the September 2026 forecast and includes the 2025 tax package.","artifactId":"revenue-by-biennium","unitOfObservation":"State fiscal biennium","fields":[{"name":"biennium","type":"string","description":"Biennium label.","units":null,"nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["erfc-sep-2026"]},{"name":"gfsMillions","type":"integer","description":"General Fund-State collections, current definition.","units":"$ millions, nominal","nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":"2005-07 and 2007-09 are sums of fiscal-year rows.","sourceIds":["erfc-sep-2026"]},{"name":"eltaMillions","type":"integer","description":"Education Legacy Trust Account collections (includes capital gains tax receipts from FY2023).","units":"$ millions, nominal","nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["erfc-sep-2026"]},{"name":"opaMillions","type":"integer","description":"Opportunity Pathways Account collections; null before the account existed (FY2011).","units":"$ millions, nominal","nullable":true,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["erfc-sep-2026"]},{"name":"weiaMillions","type":"integer","description":"Workforce Education Investment Account collections; 0 before FY2020, null where the table shows no column.","units":"$ millions, nominal","nullable":true,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["erfc-sep-2026"]},{"name":"ngfoRevenueMillions","type":"integer","description":"Total of the four accounts.","units":"$ millions, nominal","nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["erfc-sep-2026"]},{"name":"status","type":"string","description":"\"actual\" or \"forecast (Sept 2026)\".","units":null,"nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["erfc-sep-2026"]}]},{"id":"tax-legislation","title":"Estimated 2023-25 revenue from tax legislation enacted 2013-2024","description":"Each row estimates how much NGF-O revenue in 2023-25 came from a tax change enacted after the 2013-15 base. Used to estimate revenue from the pre-2013 tax base. Low-confidence rows scale first-biennium LBN scores and were not checked against later fiscal notes.","artifactId":"tax-legislation","unitOfObservation":"Tax measure or group of measures","fields":[{"name":"id","type":"string","description":"Row identifier.","units":null,"nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":null,"sourceIds":[]},{"name":"measure","type":"string","description":"The legislation (bill and year).","units":null,"nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["lbn-2007","lbn-2009","lbn-2011","lbn-2013","lbn-2015","lbn-2017","lbn-2019","lbn-2021","lbn-2023","lbn-2025","lbn-2026","lbn-2014","lbn-2016","lbn-2018","lbn-2020","lbn-2022","lbn-2024"]},{"name":"year","type":"integer","description":"Session year enacted (first year for grouped rows).","units":"year","nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["lbn-2007","lbn-2009","lbn-2011","lbn-2013","lbn-2015","lbn-2017","lbn-2019","lbn-2021","lbn-2023","lbn-2025","lbn-2026","lbn-2014","lbn-2016","lbn-2018","lbn-2020","lbn-2022","lbn-2024"]},{"name":"est2023_25LowBillions","type":"number","description":"Low estimate of 2023-25 NGF-O revenue from the measure.","units":"$ billions","nullable":false,"valueType":"estimated","derivation":"See basis.","sourceIds":[]},{"name":"est2023_25MidBillions","type":"number","description":"Central estimate.","units":"$ billions","nullable":false,"valueType":"estimated","derivation":"See basis.","sourceIds":[]},{"name":"est2023_25HighBillions","type":"number","description":"High estimate.","units":"$ billions","nullable":false,"valueType":"estimated","derivation":"See basis.","sourceIds":[]},{"name":"basis","type":"string","description":"How the estimate was made.","units":null,"nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":null,"sourceIds":[]},{"name":"confidence","type":"string","description":"high (measured receipts), medium, or low (scaled first-biennium scores).","units":null,"nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":null,"sourceIds":[]},{"name":"sourceIdList","type":"string","description":"Space-separated ids of the dataset sources used for the row.","units":null,"nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":null,"sourceIds":[]}]},{"id":"base-year-sensitivity","title":"Growth to 2023-25 from each base biennium","description":"For each earlier biennium, growth to 2023-25 in final NGF, population x US CPI-U, real per-capita NGF under US CPI-U, Seattle CPI-U and the state and local government price index, personal income and NGF-O revenue, plus NGF as a share of personal income in the base biennium.","artifactId":"base-year-sensitivity","unitOfObservation":"Base biennium","fields":[{"name":"baseBiennium","type":"string","description":"Starting biennium.","units":null,"nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":[]},{"name":"ngfGrowthPct","type":"number","description":"Growth in final NGF.","units":"percent","nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":"(NGF 2023-25 / NGF base - 1) x 100.","sourceIds":["lbn-2007","lbn-2009","lbn-2011","lbn-2013","lbn-2015","lbn-2017","lbn-2019","lbn-2021","lbn-2023","lbn-2025","lbn-2026","lbn-2014","lbn-2016","lbn-2018","lbn-2020","lbn-2022","lbn-2024"]},{"name":"popCpiUsGrowthPct","type":"number","description":"Growth in population x US CPI-U.","units":"percent","nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["ofm-pop","bls-cpi-us"]},{"name":"realPerCapitaUsPct","type":"number","description":"Real per-capita NGF growth, US CPI-U.","units":"percent","nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":"NGF factor / (population factor x CPI factor) - 1.","sourceIds":["ofm-pop","bls-cpi-us"]},{"name":"realPerCapitaSeattlePct","type":"number","description":"Real per-capita NGF growth, Seattle CPI-U.","units":"percent","nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["ofm-pop","bls-cpi-sea"]},{"name":"realPerCapitaSlDeflatorPct","type":"number","description":"Real per-capita NGF growth, state and local government price index.","units":"percent","nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["ofm-pop","fred-sl-price"]},{"name":"personalIncomeGrowthPct","type":"number","description":"Growth in biennial WA personal income.","units":"percent","nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["bea-sainc1"]},{"name":"revenueGrowthPct","type":"number","description":"Growth in NGF-O revenue collections.","units":"percent","nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["erfc-sep-2026"]},{"name":"ngfShareOfIncomeAtBasePct","type":"number","description":"Final NGF as a percent of biennial personal income in the base biennium (5.39% in 2023-25).","units":"percent","nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["bea-sainc1"]}]},{"id":"program-groups","title":"NGF by program group, 2013-15 and 2023-25 (reorganization-adjusted)","description":"Human services, governmental operations and one higher-education agency grouped so that programs are compared across the 2018 creation of DCYF and the move of community behavioral health from DSHS to HCA. Read from LBN agency and program tables; row mappings were checked against published totals.","artifactId":"program-groups","unitOfObservation":"Program group","fields":[{"name":"area","type":"string","description":"LBN functional area.","units":null,"nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["lbn-2015","lbn-2025"]},{"name":"group","type":"string","description":"Program group (see note for composition).","units":null,"nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["lbn-2015","lbn-2025"]},{"name":"ngf2013_15Millions","type":"number","description":"Final 2013-15 NGF-P for the group.","units":"$ millions, nominal","nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":"Sum of agency or program lines.","sourceIds":["lbn-2015"]},{"name":"ngf2023_25Millions","type":"number","description":"Final 2023-25 NGF-O for the group.","units":"$ millions, nominal","nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":"Sum of agency or program lines.","sourceIds":["lbn-2025"]},{"name":"aboveBenchmarkMillions","type":"number","description":"2023-25 value minus the 2013-15 value grown by population x US CPI-U (factor 1.52).","units":"$ millions","nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["ofm-pop","bls-cpi-us"]},{"name":"pctChange","type":"number","description":"Percent change.","units":"percent","nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":null,"sourceIds":[]},{"name":"note","type":"string","description":"Composition and caveats; empty when none.","units":null,"nullable":true,"valueType":"derived","derivation":null,"sourceIds":[]}]},{"id":"ml-policy-steps","title":"Maintenance level vs. policy changes by budget, 2015-2025","description":"For each biennial and supplemental budget, the change in NGF from carrying forward current services (maintenance level, ML) and from new decisions (policy level), as the LBN overview pages state them. Some values are residuals, noted in basis.","artifactId":"ml-policy-steps","unitOfObservation":"Budget enactment","fields":[{"name":"step","type":"string","description":"Budget.","units":null,"nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["lbn-2007","lbn-2009","lbn-2011","lbn-2013","lbn-2015","lbn-2017","lbn-2019","lbn-2021","lbn-2023","lbn-2025","lbn-2026","lbn-2014","lbn-2016","lbn-2018","lbn-2020","lbn-2022","lbn-2024"]},{"name":"session","type":"integer","description":"Session year.","units":"year","nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["lbn-2007","lbn-2009","lbn-2011","lbn-2013","lbn-2015","lbn-2017","lbn-2019","lbn-2021","lbn-2023","lbn-2025","lbn-2026","lbn-2014","lbn-2016","lbn-2018","lbn-2020","lbn-2022","lbn-2024"]},{"name":"maintenanceLevelChangeBillions","type":"number","description":"NGF change from maintenance level: for a biennial budget, ML cost minus the prior biennium's final NGF; for a supplemental, the stated ML change.","units":"$ billions","nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":"Residual where basis says so.","sourceIds":["lbn-2007","lbn-2009","lbn-2011","lbn-2013","lbn-2015","lbn-2017","lbn-2019","lbn-2021","lbn-2023","lbn-2025","lbn-2026","lbn-2014","lbn-2016","lbn-2018","lbn-2020","lbn-2022","lbn-2024"]},{"name":"policyChangeBillions","type":"number","description":"NGF change from policy decisions (enacted minus ML).","units":"$ billions","nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["lbn-2007","lbn-2009","lbn-2011","lbn-2013","lbn-2015","lbn-2017","lbn-2019","lbn-2021","lbn-2023","lbn-2025","lbn-2026","lbn-2014","lbn-2016","lbn-2018","lbn-2020","lbn-2022","lbn-2024"]},{"name":"sourceId","type":"string","description":"LBN edition.","units":null,"nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["lbn-2007","lbn-2009","lbn-2011","lbn-2013","lbn-2015","lbn-2017","lbn-2019","lbn-2021","lbn-2023","lbn-2025","lbn-2026","lbn-2014","lbn-2016","lbn-2018","lbn-2020","lbn-2022","lbn-2024"]},{"name":"basis","type":"string","description":"Whether the split is stated or derived.","units":null,"nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":null,"sourceIds":[]}]},{"id":"k12-district-revenue","title":"School district General Fund revenue by source","description":"Operating (General Fund) revenue of Washington school districts by source from OSPI F-196 reports. Excludes capital projects, debt service and transportation funds. Local = local taxes and non-tax; state = general and special purpose; federal = general and special purpose. Other districts/entities and other financing sources are excluded.","artifactId":"k12-district-revenue","unitOfObservation":"School year","fields":[{"name":"schoolYear","type":"string","description":"School year (September-August).","units":null,"nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["ospi-f196-10yr","ospi-frs-1516"]},{"name":"alignedCalendarYear","type":"integer","description":"Calendar year used to align price indexes (the year the school year ends).","units":"year","nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":null,"sourceIds":[]},{"name":"annualAverageFte","type":"integer","description":"Annual average FTE enrollment.","units":"students (FTE)","nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["ospi-f196-10yr","ospi-frs-1516"]},{"name":"localMillions","type":"integer","description":"Local revenue (codes 1000 + 2000).","units":"$ millions, nominal","nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":"2013-14: per-pupil value x enrollment.","sourceIds":["ospi-f196-10yr","ospi-frs-1516"]},{"name":"stateMillions","type":"integer","description":"State revenue (codes 3000 + 4000).","units":"$ millions, nominal","nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":"2013-14: per-pupil value x enrollment.","sourceIds":["ospi-f196-10yr","ospi-frs-1516"]},{"name":"federalMillions","type":"integer","description":"Federal revenue (codes 5000 + 6000), including COVID relief in 2019-20 to 2024-25.","units":"$ millions, nominal","nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":"2013-14: per-pupil value x enrollment.","sourceIds":["ospi-f196-10yr","ospi-frs-1516"]},{"name":"totalLsfMillions","type":"integer","description":"Local + state + federal.","units":"$ millions, nominal","nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":"Sum.","sourceIds":[]},{"name":"totalPerPupil","type":"integer","description":"Local + state + federal per annual average FTE.","units":"$ per student, nominal","nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":"totalLsfMillions x 1,000,000 / annualAverageFte.","sourceIds":[]}]},{"id":"nasbo-general-fund","title":"General fund expenditures by state (NASBO)","description":"Actual general fund expenditures as each state reported them to NASBO. Definitions of \"general fund\" differ by state; Washington's NASBO figure is GF-S only, narrower than NGF-O, and is on a fiscal-year basis.","artifactId":"nasbo-general-fund","unitOfObservation":"State","fields":[{"name":"state","type":"string","description":"State, or the 50-state total.","units":null,"nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["nasbo-2026"]},{"name":"fy2014Millions","type":"integer","description":"FY2014 actual general fund expenditures.","units":"$ millions, nominal","nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["nasbo-2015"]},{"name":"fy2019Millions","type":"integer","description":"FY2019 actual.","units":"$ millions, nominal","nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["nasbo-2020"]},{"name":"fy2025Millions","type":"integer","description":"FY2025 actual.","units":"$ millions, nominal","nullable":false,"valueType":"observed","derivation":null,"sourceIds":["nasbo-2026"]},{"name":"growthFy2019to2025Pct","type":"number","description":"Growth FY2019 to FY2025.","units":"percent","nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":null,"sourceIds":[]},{"name":"growthFy2014to2025Pct","type":"number","description":"Growth FY2014 to FY2025.","units":"percent","nullable":false,"valueType":"derived","derivation":null,"sourceIds":[]}]}],"analyses":[{"id":"growth-2013-to-2023","title":"Growth from 2013-15 to 2023-25 vs. benchmarks","question":"How much did final NGF appropriations grow from 2013-15 to 2023-25, compared with population, population x inflation, and personal income?","operation":"Percent change between biennia; benchmark products of population and CPI growth factors; real per-capita = NGF growth factor / (population factor x CPI factor).","parameters":{"from":"2013-15","to":"2023-25","alignment":"middle calendar year"},"scope":"tables ngf-by-biennium and benchmarks, rows 2013-15 and 2023-25","resultShape":"table","structuredResult":[{"measure":"Near General Fund, final appropriations (nominal)","fromValue":33899735,"toValue":72743525,"unit":"$ thousands","pctChange":114.6},{"measure":"All budgeted funds, final appropriations (nominal)","fromValue":68829730,"toValue":142419627,"unit":"$ thousands","pctChange":106.9},{"measure":"Population (OFM, April 1 of middle year)","fromValue":7005210,"toValue":8035700,"unit":"persons","pctChange":14.7},{"measure":"Population x US CPI-U","fromValue":null,"toValue":null,"unit":"index","pctChange":52},{"measure":"Population x Seattle CPI-U","fromValue":null,"toValue":null,"unit":"index","pctChange":64.8},{"measure":"Real per-capita NGF, US CPI-U","fromValue":null,"toValue":null,"unit":"index","pctChange":41.2},{"measure":"Real per-capita NGF, Seattle CPI-U","fromValue":null,"toValue":null,"unit":"index","pctChange":30.2},{"measure":"WA personal income (BEA, biennial)","fromValue":709140.6,"toValue":1349602.2,"unit":"$ millions","pctChange":90.3},{"measure":"NGF if it had grown with population x US CPI-U","fromValue":33899735,"toValue":51526880,"unit":"$ thousands","pctChange":52}],"displayResult":"Final NGF rose 114.6% ($33.90B to $72.74B). Population rose 14.7%; population x US CPI-U rose 52.0% (Seattle CPI-U: 64.8%). Real per-capita NGF rose 41.2% (US CPI-U) or 30.2% (Seattle CPI-U). Personal income rose 90.3%. Had NGF tracked population x US CPI-U it would have been about $51.5B.","methodologicalNotes":["2013-15 is the first full biennium after the post-recession trough in NGF appropriations; see growth-2005-to-2023 for an earlier base."],"limitations":["Appropriations are authority to spend, not actual expenditures; some appropriations lapse unspent each biennium.","The Near General Fund basket changed over time (2009 account merges into GF-S; NGF-P from 2013; NGF-O adds the Workforce Education Investment Account from 2019-21). Part of the measured growth is accounts moving into the basket rather than new spending; the 2019 LBN projected WEIA revenue at $773.3M for 2019-21, about 1.5% of the 2019-21 NGF-O total, so the basket change explains only a small part of the growth.","Values are nominal; inflation adjustments use consumer prices (CPI-U), which may not match the cost of what government buys (wages, health care).","2013-15 was a low base after the Great Recession, which raises the measured growth."],"executedAt":"2026-10-09T16:00:00Z","robustnessChecks":[{"analysisId":"growth-2005-to-2023","checkType":"sensitivity","summary":"From a pre-recession 2005-07 base, NGF grew 141.1% vs. 94.8% for population x US CPI-U, still faster; but personal income grew 166.2%, faster than NGF, so the share-of-income comparison flips."},{"analysisId":"growth-enacted-2013-to-2023","checkType":"sensitivity","summary":"Using enacted rather than final budgets, growth is 107.6%: still more than double."},{"analysisId":"ngf-excluding-k12","checkType":"other","summary":"Excluding K-12, NGF grew 122.5%, so growth was not driven only by the McCleary school-funding obligations."},{"analysisId":"real-per-capita-sl-deflator","checkType":"sensitivity","summary":"Using the BEA price index for what state and local governments buy instead of CPI-U, real per-capita NGF still rose 39.6% from 2013-15; from 2005-07 the increase shrinks to 13.8% because government costs outpaced consumer prices over the longer period."},{"analysisId":"base-year-sensitivity","checkType":"sensitivity","summary":"From every base biennium since 2005-07, NGF grew faster than population x inflation under all three deflators. It grew faster than personal income from 2009-11 and later bases, and slower from 2005-07 and 2007-09."}]},{"id":"growth-2005-to-2023","title":"Growth from 2005-07 to 2023-25 vs. benchmarks","question":"From a pre-recession base, how did NGF growth compare with population, inflation and personal income?","operation":"As growth-2013-to-2023, with 2005-07 as the base.","parameters":{"from":"2005-07","to":"2023-25"},"scope":"tables ngf-by-biennium and benchmarks, rows 2005-07 and 2023-25","resultShape":"table","structuredResult":[{"measure":"Near General Fund, final appropriations (nominal)","fromValue":30171802,"toValue":72743525,"unit":"$ thousands","pctChange":141.1},{"measure":"All budgeted funds, final appropriations (nominal)","fromValue":51719959,"toValue":142419627,"unit":"$ thousands","pctChange":175.4},{"measure":"Population (OFM, April 1 of middle year)","fromValue":6420220,"toValue":8035700,"unit":"persons","pctChange":25.2},{"measure":"Population x US CPI-U","fromValue":null,"toValue":null,"unit":"index","pctChange":94.8},{"measure":"Population x Seattle CPI-U","fromValue":null,"toValue":null,"unit":"index","pctChange":113.1},{"measure":"Real per-capita NGF, US CPI-U","fromValue":null,"toValue":null,"unit":"index","pctChange":23.8},{"measure":"Real per-capita NGF, Seattle CPI-U","fromValue":null,"toValue":null,"unit":"index","pctChange":13.1},{"measure":"WA personal income (BEA, biennial)","fromValue":506977,"toValue":1349602.2,"unit":"$ millions","pctChange":166.2},{"measure":"NGF if it had grown with population x US CPI-U","fromValue":30171802,"toValue":58760274,"unit":"$ thousands","pctChange":94.8}],"displayResult":"Final NGF rose 141.1% ($30.17B to $72.74B) over 18 years. Population x US CPI-U rose 94.8% (Seattle: 113.1%). Real per-capita NGF rose 23.8% (US CPI-U) or 13.1% (Seattle CPI-U). Personal income rose 166.2%, faster than NGF.","limitations":["Appropriations are authority to spend, not actual expenditures; some appropriations lapse unspent each biennium.","The Near General Fund basket changed over time (2009 account merges into GF-S; NGF-P from 2013; NGF-O adds the Workforce Education Investment Account from 2019-21). Part of the measured growth is accounts moving into the basket rather than new spending; the 2019 LBN projected WEIA revenue at $773.3M for 2019-21, about 1.5% of the 2019-21 NGF-O total, so the basket change explains only a small part of the growth.","Values are nominal; inflation adjustments use consumer prices (CPI-U), which may not match the cost of what government buys (wages, health care).","The 2005-07 NGF-S basket included several accounts (Health Services, Student Achievement, Public Safety and Education and others) that were later merged into GF-S; it is the closest available comparison but not identical to NGF-O."],"executedAt":"2026-10-09T16:00:00Z"},{"id":"growth-enacted-2013-to-2023","title":"Enacted-to-enacted growth, 2013-15 to 2023-25","question":"Does the growth figure depend on using final (post-supplemental) appropriations?","operation":"Percent change in enacted NGF.","parameters":{"from":"2013-15","to":"2023-25","measure":"enactedNgf"},"scope":"table ngf-by-biennium","resultShape":"scalar","structuredResult":{"fromThousands":33631274,"toThousands":69804354,"pctChange":107.6},"displayResult":"Enacted NGF rose 107.6% ($33.63B to $69.80B).","limitations":["Appropriations are authority to spend, not actual expenditures; some appropriations lapse unspent each biennium.","The Near General Fund basket changed over time (2009 account merges into GF-S; NGF-P from 2013; NGF-O adds the Workforce Education Investment Account from 2019-21). Part of the measured growth is accounts moving into the basket rather than new spending; the 2019 LBN projected WEIA revenue at $773.3M for 2019-21, about 1.5% of the 2019-21 NGF-O total, so the basket change explains only a small part of the growth.","Values are nominal; inflation adjustments use consumer prices (CPI-U), which may not match the cost of what government buys (wages, health care)."],"executedAt":"2026-10-09T16:00:00Z"},{"id":"growth-index-2013-base","title":"Growth index by biennium, 2013-15 = 100","question":"How did NGF, population x inflation, and personal income move biennium by biennium?","operation":"Index each series to 2013-15 = 100.","parameters":{"base":"2013-15","inflation":"US CPI-U"},"scope":"table growth-index (2005-07 to 2023-25)","resultShape":"timeSeries","structuredResult":[{"biennium":"2005-07","series":"NGF appropriations","index":89},{"biennium":"2005-07","series":"Population x US inflation","index":78},{"biennium":"2005-07","series":"WA personal income","index":71.5},{"biennium":"2007-09","series":"NGF appropriations","index":96.2},{"biennium":"2007-09","series":"Population x US inflation","index":85.8},{"biennium":"2007-09","series":"WA personal income","index":79.8},{"biennium":"2009-11","series":"NGF appropriations","index":89.3},{"biennium":"2009-11","series":"Population x US inflation","index":88.4},{"biennium":"2009-11","series":"WA personal income","index":81.2},{"biennium":"2011-13","series":"NGF appropriations","index":92.8},{"biennium":"2011-13","series":"Population x US inflation","index":94.6},{"biennium":"2011-13","series":"WA personal income","index":90.5},{"biennium":"2013-15","series":"NGF appropriations","index":100},{"biennium":"2013-15","series":"Population x US inflation","index":100},{"biennium":"2013-15","series":"WA personal income","index":100},{"biennium":"2015-17","series":"NGF appropriations","index":113.5},{"biennium":"2015-17","series":"Population x US inflation","index":104.7},{"biennium":"2015-17","series":"WA personal income","index":112.4},{"biennium":"2017-19","series":"NGF appropriations","index":132.3},{"biennium":"2017-19","series":"Population x US inflation","index":113},{"biennium":"2017-19","series":"WA personal income","index":127.7},{"biennium":"2019-21","series":"NGF appropriations","index":155.1},{"biennium":"2019-21","series":"Population x US inflation","index":120.3},{"biennium":"2019-21","series":"WA personal income","index":148.3},{"biennium":"2021-23","series":"NGF appropriations","index":186.9},{"biennium":"2021-23","series":"Population x US inflation","index":138.8},{"biennium":"2021-23","series":"WA personal income","index":168.9},{"biennium":"2023-25","series":"NGF appropriations","index":214.6},{"biennium":"2023-25","series":"Population x US inflation","index":152},{"biennium":"2023-25","series":"WA personal income","index":190.3}],"displayResult":"By 2023-25 the index reached 214.6 for NGF, 190.3 for personal income and 152.0 for population x US inflation. In 2005-07 the NGF index was 89.0, versus 78.0 for population x US inflation and 71.5 for personal income: NGF fell from 2007-09 to 2009-11 while income kept growing, so from a 2005-07 base NGF grew more than population x inflation but less than personal income.","limitations":["Appropriations are authority to spend, not actual expenditures; some appropriations lapse unspent each biennium.","The Near General Fund basket changed over time (2009 account merges into GF-S; NGF-P from 2013; NGF-O adds the Workforce Education Investment Account from 2019-21). Part of the measured growth is accounts moving into the basket rather than new spending; the 2019 LBN projected WEIA revenue at $773.3M for 2019-21, about 1.5% of the 2019-21 NGF-O total, so the basket change explains only a small part of the growth.","Values are nominal; inflation adjustments use consumer prices (CPI-U), which may not match the cost of what government buys (wages, health care).","The choice of base biennium changes how far apart the lines look; the 2005-07 values are shown so readers can see an earlier base."],"executedAt":"2026-10-09T16:00:00Z"},{"id":"ngf-share-of-income","title":"NGF as a share of personal income","question":"Did NGF grow faster than the state economy?","operation":"finalNgf ($K / 1000) divided by biennial personal income ($M) x 100.","parameters":{},"scope":"tables ngf-by-biennium and benchmarks","resultShape":"timeSeries","structuredResult":[{"biennium":"2005-07","ngfShareOfPersonalIncomePct":5.95},{"biennium":"2007-09","ngfShareOfPersonalIncomePct":5.76},{"biennium":"2009-11","ngfShareOfPersonalIncomePct":5.26},{"biennium":"2011-13","ngfShareOfPersonalIncomePct":4.9},{"biennium":"2013-15","ngfShareOfPersonalIncomePct":4.78},{"biennium":"2015-17","ngfShareOfPersonalIncomePct":4.83},{"biennium":"2017-19","ngfShareOfPersonalIncomePct":4.95},{"biennium":"2019-21","ngfShareOfPersonalIncomePct":5},{"biennium":"2021-23","ngfShareOfPersonalIncomePct":5.29},{"biennium":"2023-25","ngfShareOfPersonalIncomePct":5.39}],"displayResult":"NGF was 5.95% of personal income in 2005-07, fell to 4.78% in 2013-15, and rose to 5.39% in 2023-25: above the 2013-15 low but below 2005-07.","limitations":["Appropriations are authority to spend, not actual expenditures; some appropriations lapse unspent each biennium.","The Near General Fund basket changed over time (2009 account merges into GF-S; NGF-P from 2013; NGF-O adds the Workforce Education Investment Account from 2019-21). Part of the measured growth is accounts moving into the basket rather than new spending; the 2019 LBN projected WEIA revenue at $773.3M for 2019-21, about 1.5% of the 2019-21 NGF-O total, so the basket change explains only a small part of the growth.","Values are nominal; inflation adjustments use consumer prices (CPI-U), which may not match the cost of what government buys (wages, health care)."],"executedAt":"2026-10-09T16:00:00Z"},{"id":"drivers-by-area","title":"Where the 2013-15 to 2023-25 increase went","question":"Which functional areas account for the $38.8B NGF increase?","operation":"Difference and share of total difference by LBN functional area.","parameters":{},"scope":"table ngf-by-area","resultShape":"table","structuredResult":[{"area":"Public Schools (K-12)","ngf2013_15":15298272,"ngf2023_25":31352738,"changeThousands":16054466,"pctChange":104.9,"shareOfIncreasePct":41.3},{"area":"Other Human Services","ngf2013_15":6219402,"ngf2023_25":15638934,"changeThousands":9419532,"pctChange":151.5,"shareOfIncreasePct":24.2},{"area":"Dept of Social & Health Services","ngf2013_15":5791717,"ngf2023_25":11152008,"changeThousands":5360291,"pctChange":92.6,"shareOfIncreasePct":13.8},{"area":"Higher Education","ngf2013_15":3090849,"ngf2023_25":6105088,"changeThousands":3014239,"pctChange":97.5,"shareOfIncreasePct":7.8},{"area":"Governmental Operations","ngf2013_15":464511,"ngf2023_25":2374916,"changeThousands":1910405,"pctChange":411.3,"shareOfIncreasePct":4.9},{"area":"Special Appropriations","ngf2013_15":2104796,"ngf2023_25":3831788,"changeThousands":1726992,"pctChange":82.1,"shareOfIncreasePct":4.4},{"area":"Natural Resources","ngf2013_15":270208,"ngf2023_25":1123790,"changeThousands":853582,"pctChange":315.9,"shareOfIncreasePct":2.2},{"area":"Judicial","ngf2013_15":243052,"ngf2023_25":607082,"changeThousands":364030,"pctChange":149.8,"shareOfIncreasePct":0.9},{"area":"Legislative","ngf2013_15":141249,"ngf2023_25":279098,"changeThousands":137849,"pctChange":97.6,"shareOfIncreasePct":0.4},{"area":"Transportation","ngf2013_15":69871,"ngf2023_25":169963,"changeThousands":100092,"pctChange":143.3,"shareOfIncreasePct":0.3},{"area":"Other Education","ngf2013_15":205808,"ngf2023_25":108120,"changeThousands":-97688,"pctChange":-47.5,"shareOfIncreasePct":-0.3}],"displayResult":"K-12 (Public Schools) accounts for 41.3% of the increase, Other Human Services 24.2%, DSHS 13.8%, Higher Education 7.8%, Governmental Operations 4.9%, Special Appropriations 4.4%, Natural Resources 2.2%.","methodologicalNotes":["Programs moved between areas: children's services moved from DSHS to the new Department of Children, Youth, and Families (Other Human Services) in 2018. DSHS + Other Human Services combined grew 123.1%."],"limitations":["Appropriations are authority to spend, not actual expenditures; some appropriations lapse unspent each biennium.","The Near General Fund basket changed over time (2009 account merges into GF-S; NGF-P from 2013; NGF-O adds the Workforce Education Investment Account from 2019-21). Part of the measured growth is accounts moving into the basket rather than new spending; the 2019 LBN projected WEIA revenue at $773.3M for 2019-21, about 1.5% of the 2019-21 NGF-O total, so the basket change explains only a small part of the growth.","Values are nominal; inflation adjustments use consumer prices (CPI-U), which may not match the cost of what government buys (wages, health care).","Functional-area totals reflect agency structure, which changed during the period."],"executedAt":"2026-10-09T16:00:00Z"},{"id":"ngf-excluding-k12","title":"NGF growth excluding K-12","question":"Was the growth driven only by court-ordered K-12 funding (McCleary)?","operation":"Percent change in total NGF minus Public Schools; and in DSHS + Other Human Services.","parameters":{},"scope":"table ngf-by-area","resultShape":"table","structuredResult":[{"measure":"K-12 (Public Schools) NGF","from":15298272,"to":31352738,"pctChange":104.9},{"measure":"NGF excluding K-12","from":18601463,"to":41390787,"pctChange":122.5},{"measure":"DSHS + Other Human Services combined","from":12011119,"to":26790942,"pctChange":123.1}],"displayResult":"K-12 NGF rose 104.9%. Everything else rose 122.5% ($18.60B to $41.39B). DSHS + Other Human Services combined rose 123.1%.","methodologicalNotes":["EHB 2242 (2017) raised the state school property tax while limiting local levies, so part of the K-12 increase replaced local spending rather than adding to total government spending."],"limitations":["Appropriations are authority to spend, not actual expenditures; some appropriations lapse unspent each biennium.","The Near General Fund basket changed over time (2009 account merges into GF-S; NGF-P from 2013; NGF-O adds the Workforce Education Investment Account from 2019-21). Part of the measured growth is accounts moving into the basket rather than new spending; the 2019 LBN projected WEIA revenue at $773.3M for 2019-21, about 1.5% of the 2019-21 NGF-O total, so the basket change explains only a small part of the growth.","Values are nominal; inflation adjustments use consumer prices (CPI-U), which may not match the cost of what government buys (wages, health care)."],"executedAt":"2026-10-09T16:00:00Z"},{"id":"real-per-capita-sl-deflator","title":"Real per-capita NGF using a government-cost deflator","question":"Does real per-capita growth hold when inflation is measured by the prices state and local governments pay rather than consumer prices?","operation":"Real per-capita growth = NGF growth factor / (population factor x price factor) - 1, with the BEA state and local government price index and, for comparison, US CPI-U.","parameters":{"deflator":"FRED B829RG3A086NBEA","comparison":"CPI-U US city average"},"scope":"tables ngf-by-biennium and benchmarks, 2005-07, 2013-15 and 2023-25","resultShape":"table","structuredResult":[{"from":"2013-15","to":"2023-25","slPriceGrowthPct":34,"cpiUsGrowthPct":32.5,"popTimesSlPriceGrowthPct":53.7,"realPerCapitaSlDeflatorPct":39.6,"realPerCapitaCpiUsPct":41.2},{"from":"2005-07","to":"2023-25","slPriceGrowthPct":69.3,"cpiUsGrowthPct":55.6,"popTimesSlPriceGrowthPct":111.9,"realPerCapitaSlDeflatorPct":13.8,"realPerCapitaCpiUsPct":23.8}],"displayResult":"State and local government prices rose 34% from 2014 to 2024 (CPI-U 32.5%), so real per-capita NGF rose 39.6% from 2013-15 (CPI-U: 41.2%). From 2006 to 2024 government prices rose 69.3% vs 55.6% for CPI-U, and real per-capita NGF rose 13.8% from 2005-07 (CPI-U: 23.8%).","methodologicalNotes":["The index covers all U.S. state and local governments, not Washington alone. It is dominated by employee compensation, the largest cost of government services."],"limitations":["Appropriations are authority to spend, not actual expenditures; revenue figures are cash collections.","A national government price index may not match Washington's cost growth; Washington-specific public wage growth was not measured."],"executedAt":"2026-10-10T06:00:00Z"},{"id":"base-year-sensitivity","title":"Growth to 2023-25 from every base biennium","question":"Do the comparisons depend on the starting biennium?","operation":"For each base biennium, growth to 2023-25 in NGF, benchmarks, real per-capita NGF (three deflators), personal income and revenue.","parameters":{"to":"2023-25"},"scope":"table base-year-sensitivity","resultShape":"table","structuredResult":[{"baseBiennium":"2005-07","ngfGrowthPct":141.1,"popCpiUsGrowthPct":94.8,"realPerCapitaUsPct":23.8,"realPerCapitaSeattlePct":13.1,"realPerCapitaSlDeflatorPct":13.8,"personalIncomeGrowthPct":166.2,"revenueGrowthPct":122.6,"ngfShareOfIncomeAtBasePct":5.95},{"baseBiennium":"2007-09","ngfGrowthPct":123.2,"popCpiUsGrowthPct":77.2,"realPerCapitaUsPct":26,"realPerCapitaSeattlePct":16.7,"realPerCapitaSlDeflatorPct":20,"personalIncomeGrowthPct":138.6,"revenueGrowthPct":121.9,"ngfShareOfIncomeAtBasePct":5.76},{"baseBiennium":"2009-11","ngfGrowthPct":140.3,"popCpiUsGrowthPct":71.9,"realPerCapitaUsPct":39.8,"realPerCapitaSeattlePct":29,"realPerCapitaSlDeflatorPct":34.5,"personalIncomeGrowthPct":134.4,"revenueGrowthPct":134.9,"ngfShareOfIncomeAtBasePct":5.26},{"baseBiennium":"2011-13","ngfGrowthPct":131.1,"popCpiUsGrowthPct":60.7,"realPerCapitaUsPct":43.8,"realPerCapitaSeattlePct":32.7,"realPerCapitaSlDeflatorPct":38.8,"personalIncomeGrowthPct":110.3,"revenueGrowthPct":115.8,"ngfShareOfIncomeAtBasePct":4.9},{"baseBiennium":"2013-15","ngfGrowthPct":114.6,"popCpiUsGrowthPct":52,"realPerCapitaUsPct":41.2,"realPerCapitaSeattlePct":30.2,"realPerCapitaSlDeflatorPct":39.6,"personalIncomeGrowthPct":90.3,"revenueGrowthPct":95.7,"ngfShareOfIncomeAtBasePct":4.78},{"baseBiennium":"2015-17","ngfGrowthPct":89,"popCpiUsGrowthPct":45.1,"realPerCapitaUsPct":30.2,"realPerCapitaSeattlePct":22.7,"realPerCapitaSlDeflatorPct":26.6,"personalIncomeGrowthPct":69.3,"revenueGrowthPct":71.9,"ngfShareOfIncomeAtBasePct":4.83},{"baseBiennium":"2017-19","ngfGrowthPct":62.2,"popCpiUsGrowthPct":34.5,"realPerCapitaUsPct":20.6,"realPerCapitaSeattlePct":15.5,"realPerCapitaSlDeflatorPct":19.7,"personalIncomeGrowthPct":49,"revenueGrowthPct":45.7,"ngfShareOfIncomeAtBasePct":4.95},{"baseBiennium":"2019-21","ngfGrowthPct":38.4,"popCpiUsGrowthPct":26.4,"realPerCapitaUsPct":9.5,"realPerCapitaSeattlePct":6.1,"realPerCapitaSlDeflatorPct":10,"personalIncomeGrowthPct":28.3,"revenueGrowthPct":26.4,"ngfShareOfIncomeAtBasePct":5},{"baseBiennium":"2021-23","ngfGrowthPct":14.8,"popCpiUsGrowthPct":9.5,"realPerCapitaUsPct":4.9,"realPerCapitaSeattlePct":2.4,"realPerCapitaSlDeflatorPct":7.8,"personalIncomeGrowthPct":12.7,"revenueGrowthPct":3.7,"ngfShareOfIncomeAtBasePct":5.29}],"displayResult":"NGF outgrew population x US CPI-U from every base (e.g. 2005-07: 141.1% vs 94.8%; 2013-15: 114.6% vs 52%; 2019-21: 38.4% vs 26.4%). Against personal income the result depends on the base: NGF grew slower from 2005-07 (141.1% vs 166.2%) and 2007-09, about the same from 2009-11, and faster from 2011-13 onward (2013-15: 114.6% vs 90.3%; 2021-23: 14.8% vs 12.7%). NGF as a share of personal income was 5.95% in 2005-07, 4.78% in 2013-15 and 5.39% in 2023-25.","limitations":["Appropriations are authority to spend, not actual expenditures; revenue figures are cash collections.","Basket changes over time (see dataset limitations) affect comparisons from earlier bases most."],"executedAt":"2026-10-10T06:00:00Z"},{"id":"excess-above-benchmark-by-area","title":"Spending above the population x inflation benchmark, by area","question":"How much 2023-25 spending exceeds what 2013-15 spending grown by population x inflation would be, and in which areas?","operation":"For each functional area: 2023-25 NGF minus 2013-15 NGF x 1.52 (population x US CPI-U growth factor).","parameters":{"benchmarkFactor":1.51998},"scope":"tables ngf-by-area and benchmarks","resultShape":"table","structuredResult":{"totalAboveBenchmarkMillions":21218,"rows":[{"area":"Public Schools (K-12)","ngf2013_15Millions":15298,"benchmark2023_25Millions":23253,"ngf2023_25Millions":31353,"aboveBenchmarkMillions":8100,"shareOfExcessPct":38.2},{"area":"Other Human Services","ngf2013_15Millions":6219,"benchmark2023_25Millions":9453,"ngf2023_25Millions":15639,"aboveBenchmarkMillions":6186,"shareOfExcessPct":29.2},{"area":"Dept of Social & Health Services","ngf2013_15Millions":5792,"benchmark2023_25Millions":8803,"ngf2023_25Millions":11152,"aboveBenchmarkMillions":2349,"shareOfExcessPct":11.1},{"area":"Higher Education","ngf2013_15Millions":3091,"benchmark2023_25Millions":4698,"ngf2023_25Millions":6105,"aboveBenchmarkMillions":1407,"shareOfExcessPct":6.6},{"area":"Governmental Operations","ngf2013_15Millions":465,"benchmark2023_25Millions":706,"ngf2023_25Millions":2375,"aboveBenchmarkMillions":1669,"shareOfExcessPct":7.9},{"area":"Special Appropriations","ngf2013_15Millions":2105,"benchmark2023_25Millions":3199,"ngf2023_25Millions":3832,"aboveBenchmarkMillions":633,"shareOfExcessPct":3},{"area":"Natural Resources","ngf2013_15Millions":270,"benchmark2023_25Millions":411,"ngf2023_25Millions":1124,"aboveBenchmarkMillions":713,"shareOfExcessPct":3.4},{"area":"Judicial","ngf2013_15Millions":243,"benchmark2023_25Millions":369,"ngf2023_25Millions":607,"aboveBenchmarkMillions":238,"shareOfExcessPct":1.1},{"area":"Legislative","ngf2013_15Millions":141,"benchmark2023_25Millions":215,"ngf2023_25Millions":279,"aboveBenchmarkMillions":64,"shareOfExcessPct":0.3},{"area":"Transportation","ngf2013_15Millions":70,"benchmark2023_25Millions":106,"ngf2023_25Millions":170,"aboveBenchmarkMillions":64,"shareOfExcessPct":0.3},{"area":"Other Education","ngf2013_15Millions":206,"benchmark2023_25Millions":313,"ngf2023_25Millions":108,"aboveBenchmarkMillions":-205,"shareOfExcessPct":-1}]},"displayResult":"2023-25 NGF was about $21.2B above the population x inflation benchmark. K-12 accounts for $8.1B (38.2%), Other Human Services $6.2B, DSHS $2.3B, Governmental Operations $1.7B and Higher Education $1.4B.","methodologicalNotes":["K-12 enrollment grew about 3-5% from 2013-14 to 2023-24 versus 14.7% population growth, so the population benchmark is generous for K-12; see k12-per-pupil-by-source."],"limitations":["Appropriations are authority to spend, not actual expenditures; revenue figures are cash collections.","Functional areas reflect agency structure, which changed during the period; see program-group-excess for reorganization-adjusted groups."],"executedAt":"2026-10-10T06:00:00Z"},{"id":"program-group-excess","title":"Spending above the benchmark by program group","question":"Within human services and governmental operations, which programs account for growth above population x inflation?","operation":"2023-25 NGF minus 2013-15 NGF x 1.52 for each reorganization-adjusted program group.","parameters":{"benchmarkFactor":1.51998},"scope":"table program-groups","resultShape":"table","structuredResult":[{"area":"Human services","group":"Low-income health care (HCA medical assistance + Health Benefit Exchange)","ngf2013_15Millions":4306.7,"ngf2023_25Millions":6233,"aboveBenchmarkMillions":-313,"pctChange":44.7},{"area":"Human services","group":"Behavioral health (community behavioral health + state hospitals)","ngf2013_15Millions":1089.5,"ngf2023_25Millions":3753.4,"aboveBenchmarkMillions":2097,"pctChange":244.5},{"area":"Human services","group":"Long-term care (DSHS Aging and Long-Term Support)","ngf2013_15Millions":1774.9,"ngf2023_25Millions":4665.4,"aboveBenchmarkMillions":1968,"pctChange":162.9},{"area":"Human services","group":"Developmental disabilities (DSHS)","ngf2013_15Millions":1113.3,"ngf2023_25Millions":2667.1,"aboveBenchmarkMillions":975,"pctChange":139.6},{"area":"Human services","group":"Children, early learning and economic services (incl. child-care subsidies)","ngf2013_15Millions":1687.2,"ngf2023_25Millions":5731.5,"aboveBenchmarkMillions":3167,"pctChange":239.7},{"area":"Human services","group":"Corrections (DOC)","ngf2013_15Millions":1704.2,"ngf2023_25Millions":2514.5,"aboveBenchmarkMillions":-76,"pctChange":47.5},{"area":"Human services","group":"Health (DOH)","ngf2013_15Millions":120.3,"ngf2023_25Millions":358.4,"aboveBenchmarkMillions":176,"pctChange":197.9},{"area":"Human services","group":"All other human services","ngf2013_15Millions":378.7,"ngf2023_25Millions":867.6,"aboveBenchmarkMillions":292,"pctChange":129.1},{"area":"Governmental operations","group":"Department of Commerce","ngf2013_15Millions":126.6,"ngf2023_25Millions":1137.4,"aboveBenchmarkMillions":945,"pctChange":798.4},{"area":"Governmental operations","group":"Department of Revenue (incl. Working Families Tax Credit)","ngf2013_15Millions":213,"ngf2023_25Millions":781,"aboveBenchmarkMillions":457,"pctChange":266.7},{"area":"Governmental operations","group":"All other governmental operations","ngf2013_15Millions":124.9,"ngf2023_25Millions":456.5,"aboveBenchmarkMillions":267,"pctChange":265.5},{"area":"Higher education","group":"Student Achievement Council (incl. Washington College Grant)","ngf2013_15Millions":724.9,"ngf2023_25Millions":1188.5,"aboveBenchmarkMillions":87,"pctChange":64}],"displayResult":"Above the benchmark: children, early learning and economic services (including child-care subsidies) +$3.2B; behavioral health +$2.1B; long-term care +$2.0B; developmental disabilities +$1.0B; Commerce +$0.9B; Department of Revenue (Working Families Tax Credit) +$0.5B. Low-income health care in HCA (-$0.3B) and Corrections (-$0.1B) grew less than the benchmark.","methodologicalNotes":["Long-term care clients rose about 27% while long-term care NGF rose 163%, so most of that growth is cost per client (provider wages and rates), not caseload.","HCA medical assistance NGF can understate Medicaid growth: part of the state share is paid from non-NGF accounts, and Medicaid expansion replaced some state-only programs."],"limitations":["Appropriations are authority to spend, not actual expenditures; revenue figures are cash collections.","The 2013-15 split of child-care subsidies within DSHS Economic Services, and of state hospitals within behavioral health, could not be separated from the LBN tables.","Court-ordered spending (Trueblood competency services) sits inside behavioral health; its total was not quantified."],"executedAt":"2026-10-10T06:00:00Z"},{"id":"ml-vs-policy","title":"Maintenance level vs. policy changes, 2015-2025","question":"How much of the 2013-15 to 2023-25 increase came from carrying forward current services, and how much from new policy decisions?","operation":"Sum of maintenance-level and policy NGF changes across all biennial and supplemental budgets, 2015-2025.","parameters":{},"scope":"table ml-policy-steps","resultShape":"table","structuredResult":{"maintenanceLevelTotalBillions":20.11,"policyTotalBillions":18.66,"actualIncreaseBillions":38.84,"steps":[{"step":"2015-17 biennial","session":2015,"maintenanceLevelChangeBillions":5.3,"policyChangeBillions":-0.98,"sourceId":"lbn-2015"},{"step":"2016 supplemental","session":2016,"maintenanceLevelChangeBillions":0.203,"policyChangeBillions":0.031,"sourceId":"lbn-2016"},{"step":"2017 supplemental (2015-17)","session":2017,"maintenanceLevelChangeBillions":-0.106,"policyChangeBillions":0.078,"sourceId":"lbn-2017"},{"step":"2017-19 biennial","session":2017,"maintenanceLevelChangeBillions":3.11,"policyChangeBillions":2.11,"sourceId":"lbn-2017"},{"step":"2018 supplemental","session":2018,"maintenanceLevelChangeBillions":-0.146,"policyChangeBillions":1.102,"sourceId":"lbn-2018"},{"step":"2019 supplemental (2017-19)","session":2019,"maintenanceLevelChangeBillions":0.087,"policyChangeBillions":0.102,"sourceId":"lbn-2019"},{"step":"2019-21 biennial","session":2019,"maintenanceLevelChangeBillions":5.63,"policyChangeBillions":2.02,"sourceId":"lbn-2019"},{"step":"2020 supplemental","session":2020,"maintenanceLevelChangeBillions":0.122,"policyChangeBillions":0.69,"sourceId":"lbn-2020"},{"step":"2021 supplemental (2019-21)","session":2021,"maintenanceLevelChangeBillions":-0.539,"policyChangeBillions":-0.21,"sourceId":"lbn-2021"},{"step":"2021-23 biennial","session":2021,"maintenanceLevelChangeBillions":3.44,"policyChangeBillions":3.07,"sourceId":"lbn-2021"},{"step":"2022 supplemental","session":2022,"maintenanceLevelChangeBillions":-1.1,"policyChangeBillions":6.2,"sourceId":"lbn-2022"},{"step":"2023 supplemental (2021-23)","session":2023,"maintenanceLevelChangeBillions":0.39,"policyChangeBillions":-1.2,"sourceId":"lbn-2023"},{"step":"2023-25 biennial","session":2023,"maintenanceLevelChangeBillions":1.76,"policyChangeBillions":4.7,"sourceId":"lbn-2023"},{"step":"2024 supplemental","session":2024,"maintenanceLevelChangeBillions":1.1,"policyChangeBillions":1,"sourceId":"lbn-2024"},{"step":"2025 supplemental (2023-25)","session":2025,"maintenanceLevelChangeBillions":0.855,"policyChangeBillions":-0.057,"sourceId":"lbn-2025"}]},"displayResult":"Maintenance-level changes total about $20.11B and policy changes about $18.66B, together about $38.8B against the actual $38.84B increase.","methodologicalNotes":["Maintenance level is not the same as automatic: it includes the full-biennium cost of earlier policy decisions and obligations the Legislature created (for example I-1351 class sizes, $2.0B in 2015-17, and McCleary K-12 salary costs).","Policy totals include one-time items, notably the 2022 supplemental's $6.2B, part of it transfers into dedicated accounts, which drop out of later maintenance levels. The policy sum therefore overstates lasting policy spending and the maintenance-level sum understates it."],"limitations":["Appropriations are authority to spend, not actual expenditures; revenue figures are cash collections.","The 2021 and 2023 supplemental maintenance-level figures and the 2023-25 biennial maintenance level are residuals that absorb vetoes and other-legislation differences."],"executedAt":"2026-10-10T06:00:00Z"},{"id":"revenue-vs-spending","title":"Revenue vs. appropriations by biennium","question":"Did NGF-O revenue keep pace with NGF appropriations?","operation":"Compare NGF-O collections with final NGF appropriations; each as a percent of biennial personal income.","parameters":{},"scope":"tables revenue-by-biennium, ngf-by-biennium and benchmarks","resultShape":"table","structuredResult":[{"biennium":"2005-07","revenueMillions":30166,"finalNgfMillions":30172,"spendingMinusRevenueMillions":6,"revenueShareOfIncomePct":5.95,"spendingShareOfIncomePct":5.95},{"biennium":"2007-09","revenueMillions":30254,"finalNgfMillions":32597,"spendingMinusRevenueMillions":2343,"revenueShareOfIncomePct":5.35,"spendingShareOfIncomePct":5.76},{"biennium":"2009-11","revenueMillions":28586,"finalNgfMillions":30274,"spendingMinusRevenueMillions":1688,"revenueShareOfIncomePct":4.97,"spendingShareOfIncomePct":5.26},{"biennium":"2011-13","revenueMillions":31116,"finalNgfMillions":31471,"spendingMinusRevenueMillions":355,"revenueShareOfIncomePct":4.85,"spendingShareOfIncomePct":4.9},{"biennium":"2013-15","revenueMillions":34305,"finalNgfMillions":33900,"spendingMinusRevenueMillions":-405,"revenueShareOfIncomePct":4.84,"spendingShareOfIncomePct":4.78},{"biennium":"2015-17","revenueMillions":39050,"finalNgfMillions":38488,"spendingMinusRevenueMillions":-562,"revenueShareOfIncomePct":4.9,"spendingShareOfIncomePct":4.83},{"biennium":"2017-19","revenueMillions":46081,"finalNgfMillions":44851,"spendingMinusRevenueMillions":-1230,"revenueShareOfIncomePct":5.09,"spendingShareOfIncomePct":4.95},{"biennium":"2019-21","revenueMillions":53132,"finalNgfMillions":52562,"spendingMinusRevenueMillions":-570,"revenueShareOfIncomePct":5.05,"spendingShareOfIncomePct":5},{"biennium":"2021-23","revenueMillions":64734,"finalNgfMillions":63346,"spendingMinusRevenueMillions":-1388,"revenueShareOfIncomePct":5.41,"spendingShareOfIncomePct":5.29},{"biennium":"2023-25","revenueMillions":67137,"finalNgfMillions":72744,"spendingMinusRevenueMillions":5607,"revenueShareOfIncomePct":4.97,"spendingShareOfIncomePct":5.39}],"displayResult":"Revenue rose 95.7% from 2013-15 to 2023-25 ($34.3B to $67.1B) while appropriations rose 114.6%. The two tracked closely through 2021-23; in 2023-25 revenue rose 3.7% while appropriations rose 14.8%, and appropriations exceeded collections by about $5.6B, covered by fund balances and transfers. Revenue was 4.84% of personal income in 2013-15, peaked at 5.41% in 2021-23 and was 4.97% in 2023-25.","limitations":["Appropriations are authority to spend, not actual expenditures; revenue figures are cash collections.","The revenue series uses one consistent basket (today's NGF-O, restated); the spending series uses the basket of its time (NGF-S, NGF-P, NGF-O). The difference is small (OPA about $0.25-0.35B a biennium)."],"executedAt":"2026-10-10T06:00:00Z"},{"id":"post-2013-tax-legislation","title":"2023-25 revenue from tax legislation enacted 2013-2024","question":"How much 2023-25 revenue came from tax increases (net of cuts) enacted after the 2013-15 base?","operation":"Sum of row estimates in table tax-legislation (low, mid, high).","parameters":{},"scope":"table tax-legislation","resultShape":"table","structuredResult":{"lowBillions":7.05,"midBillions":8.15,"highBillions":9.25,"rows":[{"id":"ehb-2242-levy","low":4,"mid":4.2,"high":4.4,"confidence":"medium"},{"id":"capital-gains","low":0.98,"mid":0.98,"high":0.98,"confidence":"high"},{"id":"weia","low":0.97,"mid":0.97,"high":0.97,"confidence":"high"},{"id":"graduated-reet","low":0.3,"mid":0.45,"high":0.6,"confidence":"low"},{"id":"remote-sellers","low":0.4,"mid":0.65,"high":0.9,"confidence":"low"},{"id":"bank-surcharge","low":0.2,"mid":0.25,"high":0.3,"confidence":"low"},{"id":"package-2015","low":0.25,"mid":0.3,"high":0.35,"confidence":"low"},{"id":"package-2013","low":0.25,"mid":0.3,"high":0.35,"confidence":"low"},{"id":"aerospace-repeal","low":0.1,"mid":0.2,"high":0.3,"confidence":"low"},{"id":"base-2019-other","low":0.1,"mid":0.15,"high":0.2,"confidence":"low"},{"id":"sessions-2021-2024","low":0,"mid":0.05,"high":0.1,"confidence":"medium"},{"id":"preferences","low":-0.5,"mid":-0.35,"high":-0.2,"confidence":"low"}]},"displayResult":"About $8.15B of 2023-25 NGF-O revenue (range $7.05-9.25B) came from tax legislation enacted 2013-2024. The largest item is the EHB 2242 state school levy (about $4.2B); the capital gains tax and the WEIA surcharges each raised about $1.0B.","methodologicalNotes":["The EHB 2242 levy increase was part of a levy swap that capped local school levies, so total property taxes rose less than the state levy alone.","The 2025 tax package (about $4.3B in 2025-27) is not included; it took effect after 2023-25."],"limitations":["Rows marked low confidence scale first-biennium scores and were not checked against later fiscal notes.","Whether remote-seller collection after the 2018 Wayfair decision counts as a tax increase is a judgment; it is about $0.4-0.9B."],"executedAt":"2026-10-10T06:00:00Z"},{"id":"existing-base-counterfactual","title":"Would the pre-2013 tax base have covered each spending path?","question":"If no tax legislation had been enacted after 2013-15, would 2023-25 revenue have covered spending that grew with population x inflation, with personal income, or as it actually did?","operation":"Existing-base revenue = 2023-25 NGF-O collections minus post-2013 legislation (low/mid/high). Compare with 2013-15 final NGF grown by each benchmark and with actual 2023-25 NGF.","parameters":{"revenue2023_25Billions":67.137,"legislationBillions":{"low":7.05,"mid":8.15,"high":9.25}},"scope":"tables revenue-by-biennium, tax-legislation, ngf-by-biennium and benchmarks","resultShape":"table","structuredResult":{"existingBaseRevenueBillions":{"low":57.89,"mid":58.99,"high":60.09},"paths":[{"spendingPath":"Population x US CPI-U","spending2023_25Billions":51.53,"existingBaseRevenueMidBillions":58.99,"surplusMidBillions":7.46,"surplusLowBillions":6.36,"surplusHighBillions":8.56,"covered":"yes, across the range"},{"spendingPath":"WA personal income","spending2023_25Billions":64.52,"existingBaseRevenueMidBillions":58.99,"surplusMidBillions":-5.53,"surplusLowBillions":-6.63,"surplusHighBillions":-4.43,"covered":"no, across the range"},{"spendingPath":"Actual final appropriations","spending2023_25Billions":72.74,"existingBaseRevenueMidBillions":58.99,"surplusMidBillions":-13.75,"surplusLowBillions":-14.85,"surplusHighBillions":-12.65,"covered":"no, across the range"}]},"displayResult":"Revenue from the pre-2013 tax base would have been about $58.99B in 2023-25 (range $57.89-60.09B). That covers spending grown by population x inflation ($51.53B) with about $7.46B to spare, but falls about $5.53B short of spending grown with personal income ($64.52B) and about $13.75B short of actual appropriations ($72.74B). No conclusion changes within the range.","methodologicalNotes":["Existing-base revenue rose about 72% from 2013-15 while personal income rose 90%: without new legislation the tax base grows more slowly than income (ERFC notes the sales tax does not apply to most services)."],"limitations":["A static estimate: it ignores economic and behavioral feedback and the spending choices a smaller base would have forced.","The 2013-15 base already includes about $0.24B from 2013 legislation.","Appropriations before reversions (about $0.76B in 2023-25) are compared with cash collections."],"executedAt":"2026-10-10T06:00:00Z"},{"id":"k12-per-pupil-by-source","title":"K-12 operating revenue per student by source, 2013-14 to 2023-24","question":"How much did per-student K-12 operating resources from all sources grow, and how much of the state increase replaced local levy money?","operation":"Per-student revenue (source / annual average FTE) for 2013-14 and 2023-24, nominal and deflated by US CPI-U (2014 to 2024) and the state and local government price index.","parameters":{"from":"2013-14","to":"2023-24"},"scope":"table k12-district-revenue","resultShape":"table","structuredResult":[{"source":"Local","perPupil2013_14":2369,"perPupil2023_24":2738,"totalNominalPct":20.8,"perPupilNominalPct":15.5,"perPupilRealCpiPct":-12.8,"perPupilRealSlPct":-13.8},{"source":"State","perPupil2013_14":7140,"perPupil2023_24":13956,"totalNominalPct":104.4,"perPupilNominalPct":95.5,"perPupilRealCpiPct":47.5,"perPupilRealSlPct":45.9},{"source":"Federal","perPupil2013_14":846,"perPupil2023_24":1674,"totalNominalPct":106.9,"perPupilNominalPct":97.9,"perPupilRealCpiPct":49.4,"perPupilRealSlPct":47.7},{"source":"Local + state + federal","perPupil2013_14":10355,"perPupil2023_24":18368,"totalNominalPct":85.5,"perPupilNominalPct":77.4,"perPupilRealCpiPct":33.9,"perPupilRealSlPct":32.4}],"displayResult":"Per-student operating revenue from all sources rose 77.4% nominal, 33.9% after CPI-U inflation (32.4% with the government price index). State revenue per student rose 47.5% real; local revenue fell 12.8% real; federal rose 49.4% real, inflated by COVID relief (about $0.43B in 2023-24; excluding it, all-source growth is about 31%). Enrollment (FTE) grew 4.6%.","methodologicalNotes":["Local operating levies fell $1.05B (41%) from calendar 2018 to 2019 under the EHB 2242 cap; by 2024 they were 4.6% above 2018 in nominal terms but about 16% lower in real terms (OSPI Table Eleven).","Holding 2013-14 local revenue per student constant in real terms, lower local revenue offset about 6% of the nominal state increase over the decade; right after the 2019 swap the offset was about a quarter (district books) to three-quarters (property tax collections).","Teacher FTE rose 14.9% and classified staff 24.0% while headcount enrollment rose 2.8% (OSPI S-275)."],"limitations":["School years are paired with the calendar year in which they end for price adjustment.","General Fund only: excludes capital and debt-service levies, which grew.","The 2013-14 row is computed from published per-pupil values and enrollment."],"executedAt":"2026-10-10T06:00:00Z"},{"id":"nasbo-cross-state","title":"Washington general fund growth vs. other states (NASBO)","question":"How did Washington's general fund growth compare with other states?","operation":"Percent growth FY2019 to FY2025 and FY2014 to FY2025 from NASBO actual general fund expenditures.","parameters":{},"scope":"table nasbo-general-fund","resultShape":"table","structuredResult":[{"state":"Washington","fy2014Millions":16079,"fy2019Millions":22937,"fy2025Millions":35612,"growthFy2019to2025Pct":55.3,"growthFy2014to2025Pct":121.5},{"state":"Idaho","fy2014Millions":2781,"fy2019Millions":3653,"fy2025Millions":5392,"growthFy2019to2025Pct":47.6,"growthFy2014to2025Pct":93.9},{"state":"Colorado","fy2014Millions":8764,"fy2019Millions":12828,"fy2025Millions":18586,"growthFy2019to2025Pct":44.9,"growthFy2014to2025Pct":112.1},{"state":"Florida","fy2014Millions":26914,"fy2019Millions":33262,"fy2025Millions":51886,"growthFy2019to2025Pct":56,"growthFy2014to2025Pct":92.8},{"state":"Tennessee","fy2014Millions":12136,"fy2019Millions":14266,"fy2025Millions":21839,"growthFy2019to2025Pct":53.1,"growthFy2014to2025Pct":80},{"state":"Utah","fy2014Millions":5402,"fy2019Millions":7578,"fy2025Millions":12657,"growthFy2019to2025Pct":67,"growthFy2014to2025Pct":134.3},{"state":"Oregon","fy2014Millions":7693,"fy2019Millions":10172,"fy2025Millions":17026,"growthFy2019to2025Pct":67.4,"growthFy2014to2025Pct":121.3},{"state":"California","fy2014Millions":99838,"fy2019Millions":141861,"fy2025Millions":229231,"growthFy2019to2025Pct":61.6,"growthFy2014to2025Pct":129.6},{"state":"Texas","fy2014Millions":46764,"fy2019Millions":52281,"fy2025Millions":76193,"growthFy2019to2025Pct":45.7,"growthFy2014to2025Pct":62.9},{"state":"50-state total","fy2014Millions":722811,"fy2019Millions":868707,"fy2025Millions":1278624,"growthFy2019to2025Pct":47.2,"growthFy2014to2025Pct":76.9}],"displayResult":"Washington's general fund grew 121.5% from FY2014 to FY2025 versus 76.9% for all states combined, faster than every comparison state except Utah and California. From FY2019 to FY2025 Washington grew 55.3% versus 47.2% for all states; Oregon, Utah, California and Florida grew faster.","limitations":["States define \"general fund\" differently and move programs in and out of it; Washington's NASBO figure is GF-S only. Figures are nominal and not adjusted for population or inflation.","Washington's growth from FY2014 includes the McCleary shift of school costs from local levies to the state."],"executedAt":"2026-10-10T06:00:00Z"}],"statements":[{"id":"gildon-doubled","speaker":"Chris Gildon","speakerRole":"Washington state senator (R-Puyallup), Senate Republican operating budget lead","date":"2026-06-09","venue":"Senate Republican Caucus press release","quote":"Inflation and population growth are factors, but the governor’s administration is leaving out the fact that state spending has doubled in the past decade alone.","context":"Gildon issued the statement in reaction to budget instructions from Gov. Bob Ferguson's administration asking agencies to plan reductions for a projected shortfall in the next operating budget. Just before the quoted sentence he said Ferguson had signed billions of dollars in new taxes that taxpayers were told would stabilize the budget, yet the state faced a third projected shortfall in as many years. Immediately after it he cited former Gov. Christine Gregoire's remark that the budget went from $33 billion when she left office in 2013 to over $80 billion now, and said state government has a spending problem, not a revenue problem. The caucus page is labeled as an archived post maintained for historical reference.","claimType":"assertion","sourceId":"gildon-2026-06-09","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261010053630/https://chrisgildon.src.wastateleg.org/predicted-house-cards-budget-passed-majority-leads-deficit/"},{"id":"npi-budget-smaller","speaker":"Andrew Villeneuve","speakerRole":"Founder and executive director, Northwest Progressive Institute","date":"2026-05-18","venue":"Northwest Progressive Institute Cascadia Advocate blog post","quote":"In relative terms — the only terms worth using for comparisons — the state budget has gotten smaller, even with recent tax and fee increases adopted by the people's elected representatives.","context":"The sentence opens the post and follows its criticism of former Gov. Christine Gregoire, radio host Charlie Harger and Seattle Times editorial writers for comparing state budgets across eras in absolute dollars. The post supports it with Office of Financial Management figures for Washington state and local government expenditures per $1,000 of personal income: $189.98 in 2005 and $170.25 in 2023. That is a broader measure (state and local, all funds, annual) than the state Near General Fund in this dataset. The post was updated on June 4, 2026.","claimType":"assertion","sourceId":"npi-2026-05-18","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260708110804/https://www.nwprogressive.org/weblog/2026/05/washington-states-budget-has-been-shrinking-not-growing-despite-statements-to-the-contrary-by-former-elected-officials.html"}],"events":[{"id":"ehb-2242","eventType":"legislation","date":"2018-01-01","label":"EHB 2242 levy swap","description":"Chapter 13, Laws of 2017, 3rd sp.s. Raised the state school property tax by about 87 cents per $1,000 starting in calendar year 2018 (about $1.6B in 2017-19) while reforming local levies, shifting part of K-12 funding from local to state.","sourceIds":["lbn-2017"]},{"id":"weia-created","eventType":"legislation","date":null,"startDate":"2019-07-01","endDate":"2021-06-30","label":"Workforce Education Investment Account created","description":"Chapter 406, Laws of 2019 (E2SHB 2158) created the WEIA, funded by a B&O surcharge projected at $773.3M in 2019-21. LBNs include it in NGF-O, adding an account to the basket.","sourceIds":["lbn-2019"]},{"id":"levy-cap-relaxed","eventType":"legislation","date":"2020-01-01","label":"Local levy cap partly relaxed (ESSB 5313)","description":"Chapter 410, Laws of 2019 raised the cap on local school enrichment levies starting with calendar 2020 collections; local operating levies rose from $1.53B (2019) to $1.97B (2020).","sourceIds":["lbn-2019","ospi-frs-2425"]},{"id":"capital-gains-tax","eventType":"legislation","date":"2022-01-01","label":"Capital gains tax takes effect (ESSB 5096)","description":"A 7% tax on long-term capital gains above a standard deduction, first applied to 2022 gains and paid in FY2023; receipts go to the Education Legacy Trust Account (part of NGF-O).","sourceIds":["lbn-2021","dor-capgains-2025"]},{"id":"tax-package-2025","eventType":"legislation","startDate":"2025-07-01","endDate":"2027-06-30","label":"2025 revenue package","description":"ESHB 2081 (B&O), ESSB 5814 (sales tax on more services), ESSB 5813 (capital gains and estate) and others; the enacted budget assumed a net increase of about $4.4B NGF-O in 2025-27. Not included in 2023-25 figures.","sourceIds":["lbn-2025"]}],"limitations":["Appropriations are authority to spend, not actual expenditures; some appropriations lapse unspent each biennium.","The Near General Fund basket changed over time (2009 account merges into GF-S; NGF-P from 2013; NGF-O adds the Workforce Education Investment Account from 2019-21). Part of the measured growth is accounts moving into the basket rather than new spending; the 2019 LBN projected WEIA revenue at $773.3M for 2019-21, about 1.5% of the 2019-21 NGF-O total, so the basket change explains only a small part of the growth.","Values are nominal; inflation adjustments use consumer prices (CPI-U), which may not match the cost of what government buys (wages, health care).","2021-23 is inflated by one-time items (about $7.6B in Special Appropriations, including transfers to the Washington Rescue Plan Transition Account).","2025-27 is in progress and its figure reflects appropriations through the 2026 supplemental only.","Benchmarks are pegged to each biennium's middle year, an approximation of fiscal-year timing.","Revenue counterfactuals are static estimates and several tax-legislation rows scale first-biennium scores (see table tax-legislation confidence).","Cross-state comparisons (NASBO) use each state's own general fund definition and are nominal.","Program-group mappings were read from text extracts of LBN tables and checked against published totals; a few rows (noted) could not be split further."],"replications":[{"id":"nasbo-wa-decade","analysisId":"growth-2013-to-2023","externalSourceId":"nasbo-2026","externalLocator":"Washington row: Spring 2026 Table 1 (FY2025, $35,612M) and Spring 2015 Table 3 (FY2014, $16,079M); growth computed from the two published levels","externalValue":121.5,"facthubValue":114.6,"unit":"percent growth over about a decade","note":"Independent check of the decade growth from a different publisher and measure: NASBO reports Washington GF-S actual expenditures by fiscal year (FY2014 to FY2025), while FactHub uses LBN final NGF appropriations by biennium (2013-15 to 2023-25). Both show spending more than doubling."}],"changelog":[{"date":"2026-10-09","summary":"Initial draft."},{"date":"2026-10-10","summary":"Version 2: added NGF-O revenue history, estimated revenue from post-2013 tax legislation and the existing-base counterfactual, a state and local government price index, base-year sensitivity, spending above the population x inflation benchmark by area and program group, maintenance-level vs. policy steps, K-12 district revenue by source, a NASBO cross-state comparison with a replication of the decade growth, and attributed statements by Sen. Chris Gildon and Andrew Villeneuve (NPI)."}]}