Five-second answer

Claim we investigated

Using Tide laundry detergent causes cancer.

False. EPA found no unreasonable risk to people using laundry detergents; its 1,4-dioxane concern is contaminated drinking water. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) 2020 and 2024 exposure-based reviews found no unreasonable risk to people using laundry detergents, and product tests show the trace byproduct 1,4-dioxane in Tide fell below 1 part per million by 2024, though it is an animal carcinogen and EPA links detergent washed down the drain to drinking-water risk.

Quote or cite this fact-check

FactHub rates the claim “Using Tide laundry detergent causes cancer” False (moderate confidence): EPA found no unreasonable risk to people using laundry detergents; its 1,4-dioxane concern is contaminated drinking water. Reviewed October 10, 2026. https://facthub.org/n/article/tide-detergent-dioxane-cancer/8

One-minute summary

What the evidence establishes

  • The cancer concern about Tide is 1,4-dioxane, a byproduct of making some surfactants (the cleaning agents in detergent), not an ingredient Procter & Gamble (P&G) adds.
  • The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) rates 1,4-dioxane possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) and the U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP) lists it as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen; both rely on the same animal studies and record inadequate human evidence.
  • EPA found in 2020 that consumer use of laundry products did not present unreasonable risk, and its 2024 revision did not identify risk to consumers using these products as contributing. That is a regulatory judgement that the estimated risk is acceptable, not a finding of zero risk.
  • EPA's 2024 revision did conclude that laundry detergents and dish soaps washed down the drain significantly contribute to an unreasonable cancer risk in some drinking water drawn from contaminated surface water.
  • Levels fell in steps: a 2013 Proposition 65 settlement required P&G to get 1,4-dioxane below 25 parts per million (ppm), tests in 2019 found 6.1 to 14 ppm in Tide and other detergents, New York capped household cleaners at 1 ppm from the end of 2023, and 2024 tests found less than 1 ppm.
  • EPA told a federal appeals court in 2025 that it is reconsidering its 1,4-dioxane evaluation after an industry challenge, and it has not yet proposed the rule it said would follow.
  • Viral claims that Tide is banned in Europe or 80 countries are false.
Important context: 1,4-dioxane is not an ingredient P&G adds to Tide. It forms in trace amounts when some surfactants, the cleaning agents that lift dirt and oil, are made by ethoxylation, a process that reacts them with ethylene oxide, and it can remain in the finished product. Hazard classifications (can this substance cause cancer at some dose?) and risk assessments (does this exposure, at this dose, pose a meaningful risk?) answer different questions, and much of the public dispute comes from treating them as the same. This article covers cancer only; laundry pods also carry a separate, well-documented poisoning hazard for young children, which is not addressed here.

The evidence

The conclusion rests on the combined record. Expand each item to see its role and limitations.

Independence note: This check uses 4 methods across 9 institutions and 2 countries or international groupings.
Evidence map
Method Institution / country Year(s) What it shows Key limitation Primary links
Weight-of-evidence carcinogen hazard classification International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO), U.S. National Toxicology Program France, United States 1999, 2021 IARC's Volume 71 evaluation concluded there is inadequate evidence in humans and sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of 1,4-dioxane, and classified it as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). The U.S. National Toxicology Program's Report on Carcinogens lists 1,4-dioxane as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen, based on sufficient evidence from animal studies in which drinking-water exposure produced liver tumors in mice, rats and guinea pigs and nasal-cavity cancers in rats. This is the factual core behind the claim: the byproduct found in Tide is a real animal carcinogen. These are hazard classifications. They say whether a substance can cause cancer under some conditions, not whether a given exposure, such as trace residue in laundry detergent, does. Both rest on the same body of rodent drinking-water studies, so they are two reviews of shared evidence rather than two independent lines. The animal studies used continuous drinking-water doses far above what a person would absorb from washed clothes. Neither agency evaluated laundry detergent specifically, and both record inadequate human evidence. The IARC evaluation dates from 1999. IARC U.S. National Toxicology Program
Regulatory exposure and risk assessment under the Toxic Substances Control Act U.S. Environmental Protection Agency United States 2020, 2024, 2025 EPA's December 2020 final risk evaluation examined 1,4-dioxane present as a byproduct in consumer products, including laundry and dishwashing products, and found that this use did not present an unreasonable risk to consumers or bystanders. "No unreasonable risk" is a regulatory judgement under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) that the estimated risk is acceptable, not a finding that the added cancer risk is zero. EPA's November 2024 supplement and revised risk determination again did not identify risks to consumers from using these products as contributing to unreasonable risk. It did conclude that 1,4-dioxane as a contaminant in products like dish soaps and laundry detergents significantly contributes to unreasonable risk when the products are washed down the drain and contaminate surface water used as a drinking-water source. EPA said it would begin developing a rule under section 6 of TSCA to address the risks it identified. This line depends on a single agency's modeling, and EPA's conclusions changed between 2020 and 2024. EPA's published determination does not describe combining a person's exposure from doing laundry with other sources such as other household products or tap water; the Environmental Defense Fund, an advocacy group, argued in 2023 that the draft supplement failed to account for such combined exposures. So the consumer finding covers product use on its own. The drinking-water risk varies sharply by location: it is highest where drinking water comes from smaller or slow-moving surface waters that receive industrial or wastewater discharges. Union Carbide, a Dow subsidiary, asked the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit to review the 2020 evaluation and the 2024 supplement (Union Carbide Corp. v. EPA, No. 24-60615). In May 2025 EPA told the court it intends to revise the risk evaluation after reconsidering scientific issues, a process it expected to take 12 to 24 months, and the case was stayed until at least March 30, 2026. As of January 2026 EPA had not proposed the risk-management rule, which was due by November 2025, and we found no later ruling, revised evaluation or proposal. Our account of the litigation relies on a law-firm summary rather than court records. U.S. EPA Holland & Knight Beveridge & Diamond Environmental Defense Fund
Laboratory analysis of retail product samples Citizens Campaign for the Environment, Newsday United States 2019, 2024 Newsday reported in February 2024 that Citizens Campaign for the Environment, a New York advocacy group, found less than 1 part per million (ppm) of 1,4-dioxane in January 2024 tests of Tide Original, Tide Simply Oxi, Persil, Gain Original and Dreft Stage 1 Newborn. When the group tested the same products in 2019, results ranged from 6.1 to 14 ppm. P&G told Newsday that all product it ships in North America complies with New York's 1,4-dioxane law, and that it reduced levels in products shipped by the end of 2022. The drop coincides with New York's new limits and indicates that manufacturers reduced the byproduct. The testing was commissioned by an advocacy group that campaigned for New York's limits; the news report does not name the laboratory or give exact values below 1 ppm. It covered a handful of products bought in New York, so the tests alone do not establish levels in every Tide variant or market. P&G's statement that everything it ships in North America complies is the company's own claim, not independent testing. We found no independent replication of the 2024 results. Newsday (reposted by Citizens Campaign for the Environment)
Review of statutory text, regulatory guidance and settlement records San Francisco Superior Court, As You Sow, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, New York State Legislature United States 2013, 2019, 2022, 2023, 2025 The shareholder-advocacy group As You Sow sued Procter & Gamble under California's Proposition 65, alleging P&G sold detergents including Tide that contained 1,4-dioxane without the required cancer warning. The case concerned warnings, not anyone's illness. Under the settlement, entered as a consent judgment by San Francisco Superior Court in January 2013 (case CGC-12-517674), P&G agreed to reduce 1,4-dioxane below 25 parts per million in covered products by September 30, 2013; As You Sow says the reformulation applied nationwide. The 6.1 to 14 ppm measured in 2019 was below that limit. Separately, New York's 2019 law (S4389B, codified at Environmental Conservation Law 35-0105 for household cleansing products) set a maximum of 2 ppm of 1,4-dioxane from December 31, 2022 and 1 ppm from December 31, 2023. The state's Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) says no waiver will be effective after December 30, 2025, so all covered products sold in New York must meet the limit. Legal limits and settlements are policy choices, not health findings: New York's limits apply to all household cleaners regardless of measured health risk, and Proposition 65 is deliberately precautionary. A product meeting or failing a limit does not by itself show that it is safe or harmful. We took the settlement's 25 ppm term and deadline from the California Attorney General's public record of the case; the signed judgment on file there is a scanned image we could not search, and the nationwide scope comes from As You Sow's account. California Attorney General As You Sow New York State DEC New York State Senate
1. Two cancer agencies classify 1,4-dioxane as a possible human carcinogen, based on animal studies

IARC's Volume 71 evaluation concluded there is inadequate evidence in humans and sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of 1,4-dioxane, and classified it as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). The U.S. National Toxicology Program's Report on Carcinogens lists 1,4-dioxane as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen, based on sufficient evidence from animal studies in which drinking-water exposure produced liver tumors in mice, rats and guinea pigs and nasal-cavity cancers in rats. This is the factual core behind the claim: the byproduct found in Tide is a real animal carcinogen.

Limit: These are hazard classifications. They say whether a substance can cause cancer under some conditions, not whether a given exposure, such as trace residue in laundry detergent, does. Both rest on the same body of rodent drinking-water studies, so they are two reviews of shared evidence rather than two independent lines. The animal studies used continuous drinking-water doses far above what a person would absorb from washed clothes. Neither agency evaluated laundry detergent specifically, and both record inadequate human evidence. The IARC evaluation dates from 1999.

Verify: 1,4-Dioxane (IARC Monographs Volume 71, 1999) summary and evaluation Report on Carcinogens profile: 1,4-Dioxane

2. EPA's exposure-based reviews found no unreasonable risk from doing laundry, but did find a drinking-water risk

EPA's December 2020 final risk evaluation examined 1,4-dioxane present as a byproduct in consumer products, including laundry and dishwashing products, and found that this use did not present an unreasonable risk to consumers or bystanders. "No unreasonable risk" is a regulatory judgement under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) that the estimated risk is acceptable, not a finding that the added cancer risk is zero. EPA's November 2024 supplement and revised risk determination again did not identify risks to consumers from using these products as contributing to unreasonable risk. It did conclude that 1,4-dioxane as a contaminant in products like dish soaps and laundry detergents significantly contributes to unreasonable risk when the products are washed down the drain and contaminate surface water used as a drinking-water source. EPA said it would begin developing a rule under section 6 of TSCA to address the risks it identified.

Limit: This line depends on a single agency's modeling, and EPA's conclusions changed between 2020 and 2024. EPA's published determination does not describe combining a person's exposure from doing laundry with other sources such as other household products or tap water; the Environmental Defense Fund, an advocacy group, argued in 2023 that the draft supplement failed to account for such combined exposures. So the consumer finding covers product use on its own. The drinking-water risk varies sharply by location: it is highest where drinking water comes from smaller or slow-moving surface waters that receive industrial or wastewater discharges. Union Carbide, a Dow subsidiary, asked the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit to review the 2020 evaluation and the 2024 supplement (Union Carbide Corp. v. EPA, No. 24-60615). In May 2025 EPA told the court it intends to revise the risk evaluation after reconsidering scientific issues, a process it expected to take 12 to 24 months, and the case was stayed until at least March 30, 2026. As of January 2026 EPA had not proposed the risk-management rule, which was due by November 2025, and we found no later ruling, revised evaluation or proposal. Our account of the litigation relies on a law-firm summary rather than court records.

Verify: Final Risk Evaluation for 1,4-Dioxane (2020 evaluation and November 2024 supplement and revised risk determination) EPA Issues a Final Revised Risk Determination for 1,4-Dioxane (November 2024) What to Expect Under TSCA in 2026 (January 13, 2026) EPA's approach to 1,4-dioxane falls short of protecting fenceline communities (September 14, 2023)

Diagram comparing two pathways for trace 1,4-dioxane in laundry detergent. Pathway 1, using the product (detergent, washing and wearing clothes, you): EPA did not find unreasonable risk to consumers in 2020 or in its November 2024 revision. Pathway 2, down the drain (drain, wastewater, rivers and lakes, tap water): EPA's November 2024 revision found dish soaps and laundry detergents washed down the drain significantly contribute to unreasonable cancer risk where surface water used for drinking water is contaminated. A bottom panel shows advocacy-group tests of Tide and other leading detergents falling from 6.1 to 14 ppm in 2019 to below 1 ppm in January 2024, with New York's 1 ppm limit in effect from December 31, 2023.
EPA's reviews separate two exposure pathways: it did not find unreasonable risk to people using laundry detergent, but found that detergent washed down the drain contributes to cancer risk in some drinking water. Measured 1,4-dioxane in leading detergents fell below 1 ppm by 2024. Image: FactHub, from U.S. EPA risk evaluations and Citizens Campaign for the Environment test results CC BY 4.0 Cropped and resized by FactHub
3. Testing shows 1,4-dioxane in Tide fell from several ppm to below 1 ppm

Newsday reported in February 2024 that Citizens Campaign for the Environment, a New York advocacy group, found less than 1 part per million (ppm) of 1,4-dioxane in January 2024 tests of Tide Original, Tide Simply Oxi, Persil, Gain Original and Dreft Stage 1 Newborn. When the group tested the same products in 2019, results ranged from 6.1 to 14 ppm. P&G told Newsday that all product it ships in North America complies with New York's 1,4-dioxane law, and that it reduced levels in products shipped by the end of 2022. The drop coincides with New York's new limits and indicates that manufacturers reduced the byproduct.

Limit: The testing was commissioned by an advocacy group that campaigned for New York's limits; the news report does not name the laboratory or give exact values below 1 ppm. It covered a handful of products bought in New York, so the tests alone do not establish levels in every Tide variant or market. P&G's statement that everything it ships in North America complies is the company's own claim, not independent testing. We found no independent replication of the 2024 results.

Verify: Laundry detergent samples show lower amount of 1,4-dioxane in household products (Newsday, February 6, 2024)

Common questions

“1,4-dioxane is a carcinogen, so any amount in detergent is dangerous.”

Whether a substance can cause cancer and whether a given exposure does are different questions. The animal tumors behind the classifications came from sustained high doses in drinking water. EPA's exposure modeling did not find unreasonable risk to people doing laundry, though it did find risk from cumulative drinking-water contamination. Reducing the byproduct is still reasonable, which is what the New York limits require.

“EPA itself says laundry detergent contributes to cancer risk.”

That is accurate, and it is the strongest version of the claim. EPA's 2024 revision found that 1,4-dioxane in laundry detergents and dish soaps significantly contributes to an unreasonable cancer risk once washed down the drain into surface water used for drinking. It did not identify risk to consumers from using the products. The concern is shared downstream exposure through tap water, especially near industrial discharges, not the act of doing laundry. That is why this article rates the claim about using Tide, and treats the drinking-water pathway as a separate, real concern.

“Tide is banned in Europe and 80 other countries.”

There is no such ban. A February 2024 fact-check by The Quint found no report, press release or official document supporting it and noted that Tide was still sold on European retail sites. The rumor appears to distort New York's 2022-2023 concentration limits, which applied to all household cleaners, not to Tide specifically.

“P&G hides 1,4-dioxane because it isn't on the label.”

1,4-dioxane is an unintended byproduct, not an added ingredient, so it does not appear on ingredient lists. That gap is what the Proposition 65 suit challenged; P&G settled by agreeing to reduce 1,4-dioxane below 25 ppm rather than adding a warning. The 2019 and 2024 tests indicate the byproduct was present and has since been reduced.

“Free & Clear or plant-based detergents avoid the problem.”

Not necessarily. 1,4-dioxane forms when surfactants are made by ethoxylation, so what matters is whether a product's surfactants were made that way, not whether it is marketed as free and clear or plant-based. Products sold in New York face the same 1 ppm limit regardless of marketing claims.

Conclusion

The evidence fits together in two layers. First, hazard: 1,4-dioxane causes liver and nasal tumors in rodents given it in drinking water at high doses, which is why IARC rates it possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) and NTP lists it as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. Both bodies record inadequate human evidence, both draw on the same animal studies, and neither classification is a statement about laundry detergent at trace levels. Second, risk: EPA's reviews under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) estimate actual exposures. In 2020 EPA found that consumer use of laundry and dish products did not present unreasonable risk, and its November 2024 revision again did not identify risk to consumers using these products as contributing to its finding. "No unreasonable risk" is a regulatory judgement that the estimated risk is acceptable, not a finding of zero added risk, and EPA's published determination does not describe combining a person's laundry exposure with other household products and tap water. What changed in 2024 is the drinking-water pathway: EPA concluded that 1,4-dioxane in dish soaps and laundry detergents significantly contributes to unreasonable risk when the products are washed down the drain and reach surface water used for drinking water. We rate the claim about using Tide False rather than No evidence because EPA's exposure modeling is affirmative evidence about people doing laundry, not merely an absence of studies. Confidence is moderate because that finding rests on one agency's modeling, which EPA is now reconsidering; because no epidemiological study has directly measured cancer outcomes in detergent users; and because the drinking-water finding shows the byproduct still matters at the population level. Exposure has also fallen, in steps. P&G's 2013 Proposition 65 settlement required it to get 1,4-dioxane below 25 ppm in covered products by September 2013, and the 6.1 to 14 ppm an advocacy group measured in Tide and other detergents in 2019 was below that limit. New York then capped 1,4-dioxane in household cleaning products at 2 ppm from December 31, 2022 and 1 ppm from December 31, 2023; P&G says its products shipped in North America comply, and the same group found every product it retested below 1 ppm in January 2024. What remains open: the 2024 testing covered a handful of products sold in New York and was not independently replicated; Union Carbide's court challenge to EPA's evaluations was paused while EPA reconsiders them, a process EPA expected to take 12 to 24 months from May 2025; and EPA has not proposed the risk-management rule that TSCA required by November 2025. A revised evaluation, a future rule, new testing, or new human data could change parts of this assessment.

How we checked

  1. Defined the claim narrowly as whether ordinary use of Tide laundry detergent causes cancer, and identified 1,4-dioxane as the basis of essentially every version of it.
  2. Separated hazard evidence (IARC, NTP) from exposure-based risk evidence (EPA evaluations under the Toxic Substances Control Act) and from product-level measurements and legal limits, so that no conclusion rests on a single category.
  3. Reviewed primary documents where available: IARC Volume 71, the NTP Report on Carcinogens profile, EPA's final risk evaluation page and 2024 revision, New York's enacted bill text and DEC guidance, the California Attorney General's record of the Proposition 65 settlement, and As You Sow's settlement summary.
  4. Compared product testing before and after New York's limits using the advocacy group's results as reported by Newsday, and the 2019 levels against the 2013 settlement limit.
  5. Checked the viral 'banned in Europe' version of the claim against an existing independent fact-check.
  6. Checked the status of EPA's rulemaking and of the court challenge to its evaluations as of the review date.
  7. Recorded limits for each evidence line, including advocacy sponsorship of testing, single-agency dependence of the risk finding, and unresolved rulemaking and litigation.
  8. Ran archive_source on each cited URL and recorded the returned digests and any archive links.

Editorial note: Scope: whether ordinary use of Tide laundry detergent causes cancer, with attention to 1,4-dioxane because it is the basis of nearly every version of the claim. We did not assess other ingredients, fragrance allergens, skin irritation, or the separate poisoning hazard of laundry pods. We did not commission our own product testing. Regulatory status is current to the review date; EPA's TSCA rulemaking and related litigation were unresolved at that time. No external specialist review has been recorded.

Expert-review status

No external specialist review has been recorded.

Funding and conflicts

Funding: No external funding for this piece.

Ownership: FactHub is an independent fact-checking site with no ownership interest in Procter & Gamble, detergent manufacturers, testing laboratories, or advocacy groups cited here.

Conflicts: No conflicts of interest known to the authors.

Sources

Sources are labeled by their role so readers can evaluate the evidence independently.

  1. International hazard classification IARC. 1,4-Dioxane (IARC Monographs Volume 71, 1999) summary and evaluation

    WHO cancer agency's evaluation: inadequate human evidence, sufficient animal evidence, Group 2B. Chosen as the non-U.S. classification.

    Archived copy captured October 10, 2026
  2. U.S. hazard classification U.S. National Toxicology Program. Report on Carcinogens profile: 1,4-Dioxane

    Lists 1,4-dioxane as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen and describes the animal tumor studies. Independent of EPA's TSCA program.

    Archived copy captured October 10, 2026
  3. Regulatory risk assessment (primary) U.S. EPA. Final Risk Evaluation for 1,4-Dioxane (2020 evaluation and November 2024 supplement and revised risk determination)

    EPA's own statement that consumer use did not present unreasonable risk, that dish soaps and laundry detergents washed down the drain significantly contribute to drinking-water risk, and that a TSCA section 6 rule will follow.

    Archived copy captured October 9, 2026
  4. Legal analysis (secondary) Holland & Knight. EPA Issues a Final Revised Risk Determination for 1,4-Dioxane (November 2024)

    Law-firm summary of which conditions of use EPA found to contribute to risk, the drinking-water pathway, and the TSCA rulemaking timeline.

    Archived copy captured October 10, 2026
  5. News report of advocacy-commissioned product testing Newsday (reposted by Citizens Campaign for the Environment). Laundry detergent samples show lower amount of 1,4-dioxane in household products (Newsday, February 6, 2024)

    Newsday article by Lisa L. Colangelo, reposted by Citizens Campaign for the Environment. Reports the group's 2024 results below 1 ppm for Tide Original, Tide Simply Oxi and other leading detergents, versus 6.1 to 14 ppm in 2019, and P&G's statement that all product it ships in North America complies with New York's limit.

    Archived copy captured October 10, 2026
  6. State regulator guidance New York State DEC. 1,4-Dioxane Limits for Household Cleansing, Personal Care, and Cosmetic Products

    States the 2 ppm (December 31, 2022) and 1 ppm (December 31, 2023) limits and that no waiver is effective after December 30, 2025.

    Archived copy captured October 10, 2026
  7. Statutory text (primary) New York State Senate. Senate Bill S4389B (2019): limits on 1,4-dioxane in household cleansing, personal care and cosmetic products Identifier: NY S4389B (2019)

    Enacted bill text amending Environmental Conservation Law 35-0105 to set the 1,4-dioxane limits.

    Archived copy captured October 10, 2026
  8. Litigant's account of settlement As You Sow. Carcinogens in Tide Laundry Detergent

    Describes the Proposition 65 suit against Procter & Gamble and the January 24, 2013 settlement to reformulate below California's No Significant Risk Level.

    Archived copy captured October 10, 2026
  9. Independent fact-check (non-U.S.) The Quint (WebQoof). Viral Post Falsely Claims That Tide Detergent Is Banned in Europe & 80 Countries (February 2024)

    Indian fact-checking desk's review finding no evidence of a European or 80-country ban, and tracing the rumor to New York's limits.

    Archived copy captured October 10, 2026
  10. Court settlement record (primary) California Attorney General. Proposition 65 60-Day Notice 2011-01008: As You Sow and Procter & Gamble, settlement and judgment record Identifier: San Francisco Superior Court No. CGC-12-517674

    The state's public record of the case: settlement dated November 30, 2012, judgment dated January 22, 2013, and the injunctive term requiring P&G to reduce 1,4-dioxane below 25 ppm in covered products by September 30, 2013. Links to the filed settlement and judgment.

    Archived copy captured October 11, 2026
  11. Legal analysis (secondary) Beveridge & Diamond. What to Expect Under TSCA in 2026 (January 13, 2026)

    Law-firm summary of TSCA deadlines. Reports Union Carbide Corp. v. EPA, No. 24-60615 (5th Cir.), its stay until March 30, 2026, EPA's May 2025 declaration that it will revise the 1,4-dioxane evaluation over 12 to 24 months, and that the overdue risk-management proposals have no entry in EPA's regulatory agenda.

    Archived copy captured October 11, 2026
  12. Advocacy critique Environmental Defense Fund. EPA's approach to 1,4-dioxane falls short of protecting fenceline communities (September 14, 2023)

    Environmental group's comment on EPA's draft supplement, arguing that it assesses each 1,4-dioxane use in isolation and does not account for a person's combined exposure from several sources.

    Archived copy captured October 11, 2026

Update history

  1. Narrowed the claim to using Tide and changed the rating from No evidence to False, because EPA's exposure reviews are affirmative evidence about consumer use (feedback 2516106162092825387-7fd35ba4266d6c8e6237676f4c8b7ba6, 2516106162094467907-05de76f4a37b62b7d9515abd2b7ccd64). Restated the title and search title as the positive finding (2516106162055422595-fc13356045ddd8c81986754e84c9bd70). Rewrote the summary to name the EPA reviews and product testing (2516106162053743425-ac01d23d8c3fb9f3b7ec31a70d0b818f). Retitled the hazard evidence: the two classifications share animal studies and call 1,4-dioxane a possible, not likely, carcinogen (2516106162089485646-0f05a73e6f91590d6c1f230e241aa2cb). Explained that the 2013 settlement's threshold is a daily dose and that its effect on 2019 levels is unknown (2516106162091185962-14ec23ef78660e75b499b7c0ce625455). Changed "confirms" to "indicates" for the advocacy-group tests (2516106162052034559-d56ad2756190327d702485bf86d2d23b). Spelled out IARC, P&G and ppm at first use, explained surfactants and ethoxylation, and made No Significant Risk Level consistent (2516106162050378916-bb059447e1bf30dbe78649f0f2f56370).
  2. Added the court record of the 2013 settlement, which required 1,4-dioxane below 25 ppm, so the 2019 levels were within it; this replaces an unsourced statement about California's threshold (feedback 2516106066208372998-8c56089bc155a4c9b30b56194ded62da, 2516106043311643640-5edeb6ea4eb896e138374496520ac7ce, 2516106043313796287-16e4bb1e65e80f275deaf01ea0696d13, 2516106043407823214-5e5e2688b5875991b69e908c0bc2473e). Sourced the industry court challenge and added that EPA is reconsidering its evaluation and has not proposed its rule (2516106043315911705-0141023d7e4929d917169335f5aa7881, 2516106043407823214-5e5e2688b5875991b69e908c0bc2473e). Explained that no unreasonable risk is not zero risk and that EPA's consumer finding does not combine exposures from other sources (2516106066345464585-9fd9fd36fa44d0ef3b89c4292d7e43ba, 2516106066343258543-221878851bc0a74ef5145d06e59e71bc, 2516106066206612529-f2734494d54e7f59a6f9831a588b4ef7, 2516106043309388033-d8f6e27653dac3202a6538da1d05bf3a). Credited Newsday for the testing report and added P&G's compliance statement (2516106043403333242-53bde970eead80e8a50257914f2a32fe, 2516106043311643640-5edeb6ea4eb896e138374496520ac7ce, 2516106043309388033-d8f6e27653dac3202a6538da1d05bf3a). Removed the unsourced claim about natural detergents (2516106066210062818-865c37b7b3247c5d6b38dacafcb34bce, 2516106043313796287-16e4bb1e65e80f275deaf01ea0696d13). Spelled out EPA, TSCA and NTP and used Proposition 65 consistently (2516106066296590313-824f147ac52a7ea549107692637c7096).
  3. First published.
  4. Rating changed from Mostly false to No evidence, since no study links using Tide to cancer, and the headline now states the finding. The evidence and conclusion are unchanged.
  5. Restored the full first sentence of the summary, which the previous version cut off after "U.S.".

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