Net domestic migration by state, 2020-2025

What this dataset measures

The Census Bureau's annual population estimates are the official between-census measure of state population change, and they split migration into domestic (between states) and international. Five full estimate years since the 2020 Census show the post-pandemic pattern. Rates per 1,000 residents let small and large states be compared.

Geography

United States

Unit of observation

State (50 states and the District of Columbia)

Update cadence

Annual; the Census Bureau releases a new vintage each December and revises earlier years

Curator

FactHub Research Team

Curated data tables

Net domestic migration by state, 2020-2025

Five-year net domestic migration for the 50 states and DC, sorted by rate per 1,000 residents.

Unit of observation: State

state-domestic-migration-2020-2025.csv text/csv · 2.4 KB (2,410 bytes)

All 51 rows 7 columns Download the file

All 51 rows

fips	usps	state	pop_2020 people	pop_2025 people	net_domestic_migration_2020_2025 people	per_1000_residents people per 1,000 residents
45	SC	South Carolina	5131992	5570274	364272	71.0
16	ID	Idaho	1849328	2029733	130972	70.8
30	MT	Montana	1087156	1144694	56795	52.2
10	DE	Delaware	991890	1059952	50977	51.4
37	NC	North Carolina	10450215	11197968	468133	44.8
23	ME	Maine	1364546	1414874	54977	40.3
47	TN	Tennessee	6927736	7315076	277999	40.1
12	FL	Florida	21591325	23462518	828686	38.4
04	AZ	Arizona	7186647	7623818	252762	35.2
32	NV	Nevada	3116851	3282188	85718	27.5
05	AR	Arkansas	3014399	3114791	81020	26.9
01	AL	Alabama	5032962	5193088	131598	26.1
40	OK	Oklahoma	3965243	4123288	103396	26.1
48	TX	Texas	29237895	31709821	760233	26.0
46	SD	South Dakota	887808	935094	22959	25.9
33	NH	New Hampshire	1378752	1415342	34962	25.4
13	GA	Georgia	10732595	11302748	221265	20.6
49	UT	Utah	3283970	3538904	50241	15.3
56	WY	Wyoming	577669	588753	8255	14.3
54	WV	West Virginia	1791670	1766147	17349	9.7
29	MO	Missouri	6155074	6270541	57454	9.3
50	VT	Vermont	642965	644663	5437	8.5
21	KY	Kentucky	4508271	4606864	34789	7.7
18	IN	Indiana	6790290	6973333	40333	5.9
08	CO	Colorado	5786873	6012561	10528	1.8
55	WI	Wisconsin	5897371	5972787	9600	1.6
41	OR	Oregon	4243544	4273586	-6154	-1.5
09	CT	Connecticut	3579643	3688496	-6711	-1.9
39	OH	Ohio	11798534	11900510	-27732	-2.4
19	IA	Iowa	3191081	3238387	-8906	-2.8
53	WA	Washington	7726812	8001020	-24858	-3.2
51	VA	Virginia	8637303	8880107	-29143	-3.4
42	PA	Pennsylvania	12995576	13059432	-50746	-3.9
35	NM	New Mexico	2118446	2125498	-11258	-5.3
26	MI	Michigan	10072294	10127884	-60803	-6.0
27	MN	Minnesota	5710562	5830405	-35757	-6.3
31	NE	Nebraska	1963318	2018006	-13330	-6.8
28	MS	Mississippi	2958385	2954160	-20786	-7.0
38	ND	North Dakota	779612	799358	-5603	-7.2
20	KS	Kansas	2938274	2977220	-22373	-7.6
44	RI	Rhode Island	1096487	1114521	-9756	-8.9
25	MA	Massachusetts	6985320	7154084	-145282	-20.8
24	MD	Maryland	6178387	6265347	-129734	-21.0
34	NJ	New Jersey	9270476	9548215	-211131	-22.8
11	DC	District of Columbia	670958	693645	-18507	-27.6
22	LA	Louisiana	4652145	4618189	-138644	-29.8
02	AK	Alaska	732906	737270	-22573	-30.8
17	IL	Illinois	12795348	12719141	-431149	-33.7
15	HI	Hawaii	1451130	1432820	-54537	-37.6
06	CA	California	39527808	39355309	-1629468	-41.2
36	NY	New York	20122262	20002427	-1045769	-52.0

7 field definitions

Field	Type	Meaning	Units	Value type
fips	string	Two-digit state FIPS code.	—	observed
usps	string	USPS state abbreviation.	—	derived
state	string	State name as the source gives it.	—	observed
pop_2020	integer	Resident population estimate, July 1, 2020.	people	estimated
pop_2025	integer	Resident population estimate, July 1, 2025.	people	estimated
net_domestic_migration_2020_2025	integer	People who moved in from other states minus people who moved out to other states, July 1, 2020 to July 1, 2025.	people	estimated
per_1000_residents	number	Five-year net domestic migration per 1,000 residents of the state in 2020.	people per 1,000 residents	derived

Sources

1. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program, Vintage 2025: Annual Estimates of the Resident Population and Components of Change for the United States, Regions, States, District of Columbia and Puerto Rico (NST-EST2025-ALLDATA) Domestic migration and population by state and year, July 2020 to July 2025

   Retrieved November 8, 2026. U.S. government work, public domain. Public domain; the Census Bureau asks to be cited as the source

   Reliability: Government. The Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program estimates each state's population every year between censuses. Domestic migration is estimated mainly from changes in addresses on federal tax returns, Medicare enrollment and Social Security records. The source file is 53,555 bytes, SHA-256 92188e29cb0a67dcf95afa7d6c47359409782f086478b70ea4128eb70e223ca9, as retrieved.

License: FactHub's selection, cleaning and combined tables are licensed under CC BY 4.0. Source data keeps the terms listed above (terms).

Limitations and reproducibility

Reproducible: Sum DOMESTICMIG2021 through DOMESTICMIG2025 for each state row (SUMLEV 040) in NST-EST2025-ALLDATA.csv, and divide by POPESTIMATE2020 times 1,000. The state values sum to exactly zero, as net domestic migration must.

• Net domestic migration is moves in from other states minus moves out to other states; it says nothing about where movers came from or went, or why.
• International migration is excluded, so a state can lose residents to other states and still grow (California and New York both gained international migrants).
• These are estimates built from IRS tax-return addresses, Medicare enrollment and other administrative records, not a count, and each new vintage revises earlier years.
• The rate's denominator is the July 1, 2020 population estimate.
• Puerto Rico is excluded.